Management and Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example These require organizational redesign which is meant to improve organizational effectiveness and the ability to adapt to a constantly changing environment (Douglas, 1999). Two different approaches explain work motivation – the content theories and the process theories (Analoui, 2000). The content theories explain what actually motivates people to work. As per Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs the basic physiological needs have to satisfied only after which an individual clamours for other needs such as safety needs, need for love, self-esteem or self-actualization. According to Herzberg an employee’s motivation to work is understood when the employee’s attitude to work is understood (Tietjen & Myers, 1998). The attitude of employees depends on two sets of factors – those that generate happy feelings within the worker and hence were task-related and those that give rise to unhappiness but are not task-related. These are directly related to the job but to the conditions surrounding the job. The first sets of factors that give happiness are called motivators which include recognition, achievement, career progression, responsi bility and work itself. Motivation is intrinsic and comes from within. Intrinsic motivation has also been referred to in the self-determination theory (SDT), as the tendency to seek out challenges and novelty. Ryan and Deci (2000) contend that â€Å"motivation produces†. Intrinsic motivation requires autonomy because controlled approaches can stifle innovation. These are the esteem needs as specified by Maslow. An employee derives feelings of self-worth, accomplishment and pleasure as the use of his skills provide him with intrinsic rewards (Gallagher & Einhorn, 1976). As one need is satisfied, he strives for the satisfaction of other needs and this motivates or influences his behaviour. Motivators create positive attitude towards job and satisfies the employees need for self-actualization which is

Organisation Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Organisation Behaviour - Essay Example According to Rahmati and Fard (2012) and Sease (2013), metaphors refer to a form of speaking where one thing would be expressed in the light of another so as to describe the character of the subject. They play an important role in understanding and interpreting organisations. To bring this into perspective in this paper, two metaphors borrowed from Images of Organisation, namely, organisation as an organism and political organisation will be used to describe Apple Inc., as the chosen case organisation. Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation with its headquarters in Cupertino, California dealing with designing, developing and selling personal computers, computer software and consumer electronics. The American company known for its hardware products such as Mac computers, iPhone smartphones, iPad tablet computers and iPod music players and software such as iTunes media browser and Safari web browser among others was founded by Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs in 1976 and in corporated in the following year. In the first year of its incorporation, the firm released the first Apple computer, Apple I. Today, Fortune 500 Magazine (2012) documents Apple Inc. as the second largest information technology company globally, after Samsung Electronics, by revenue and has been ranked third largest as a mobile phone maker. In 2008 through 2012, it was documented by Fortune 500 Magazine as the most admired firm in America and globally. Going by market capitalisation, it ranks second among the largest publicly traded corporations globally with its value as of January 2013 estimated at USD 414 billion. Its 2012 annual revenue was USD 156 billion as retrieved from its website (http://www.apple.com/). The Late Steve Jobs has been widely accredited for the success that Apple Inc. enjoys today. Together with Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs co-founded Apple Computers Inc. in 1976, having both dropped out of college (Mittan, 2010). Following the success of their computers in the market, Steve Jobs and the then president, Michael Scott got entangled in power struggle. Though Scot resigned in 1981, tension continued to escalate causing Jobs to quit the company he had co-founded in 1985. NeXT, the company consequently formed by Jobs was purchased by Apple in 1996 seeing the re-entry of Jobs who later in 1997 became the CEO, steering the firm to greater achievements. In 2011, Tim Cook took up Jobs’ roles after his resignation from being the Chief Executive so as to have ample time to concentrate on his deteriorating health, but died later in the same year. Cook has since steered forward the corporation in its operations. Analysis of Apple using Morgan’s Metaphors Apple as an organism Morgan (2006) uses this organism metaphor of organisations to describe their survival through varied environments. According to Black (2003), this metaphor makes humans to view organisations as living units or organisms which must adapt to the changing environment in order to survive. In this case, Apple Inc. considered as an organism would be pegged on its evolution through varied business environments over time. On its inception in 1976, the firm started as a company dealing purely in computers. With time and due to demand, the company