Japanese Internment essays

Japanese Internment essays If a man feeds off a fellow man he should be treated as a mad dog and be dealt the same fate This is practically the idea our nation went by to avenge Pearl Harbor which was totally unacceptable. On the night of December 6th 1941 no more than 1000 planes were on their way to Pearl Harbor and unfortunately the United States was attacked. That is no excuse for taking more than 120,000 Americans and putting them into internment camps. Our Nations leaders feared its own citizens and decided to lock them up. The morning after the attack on Pearl Harbor most Japanese citizens never even heard of Pearl Harbor and yet all were held responsible for the attack (Wataksuki , Pg 9). The Japanese people were in disarray and confusion about what really happened and what was going to happen to them. Most Japanese Americans tried getting their families together just in case the worst case scenario happened, and it did. As soon as most Japanese Americans really knew what happened, a majority of these citizensburnt or threw a way any items that represented Japan; Flags, letters, priceless kimonos, and even fine antique china. Almost a week after the incident FBI agents started questioning families and taking relatives away. Any individuals that did any off shore fishing or anything that dealt with any Asian country were the first to be taken to interrogation, and eventual Internment. The families eventually knew that the internment was coming so many tried to prepare for its harshness. When the Japa nese tried selling their valuables and of course they received a small fraction of what the object was really worth. Other Japanese Americans decided to store their objects instead of selling them, which was to no avail, Most were ransacked or taken away by the government. Eventually the land the Japanese owned was sold so cheap that it was near one-tenth of its original price (Home). Anyone would lose faith in their country for ma...

Jeffersons Views on Education essays

Jeffersons Views on Education essays Thomas Jefferson believed that universal education would have to precede universal suffrage. The ignorant, he argued, were incapable of self-government. But he had profound faith in the reasonableness and teachableness of the masses and in their collective wisdom when taught. He believed that the schools should teach reading, writing, and arithmetic. Also, the children should learn about Grecian, roman, English, and American History. Jefferson believed the nation needed public schools scattered around, for all male citizens to receive free education. By 1789, the first law was passed in Massachusetts to reaffirm the colonial laws by which towns were obligated to support a school. This law was ignored. Private schools were opened only to those who could afford to pay them. In the middle states religious groups opened most schools. Not many schools or institutions were opened to the nonwealthy people. The women, blacks, and Indians were not able to go to school. It was not until the early 1900s that the Nation began making academies for females, because government thought that they needed to be educated mothers to educate their children. Jefferson believed in the Republican Mother. Later, many 19th century reformers believed in the power of education to reform and redeem- to release a blame or debt, to buy back- backward people. As a result, they generated a growing interest in Indian Education. Jefferson and his followers believed that the Native Americans were noble savages, they hoped that schooling the Indians in white culture would uplift- to improve the spiritual, social, or intellect condition- the tribes. But the states and local government did little to support education. Unlike the women and Indians, blacks had no support at all. There were no efforts to educate enslaved African Americans, mostly because their owner ...

Has the Era of US Hegemony ended Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Has the Era of US Hegemony ended - Essay Example That is, hegemony will be visible when countries through their strong attributes particularly armed power, economic power, political power and even ‘soft’ powers, elevate themselves into top positions, and then try to assert their dominance over others through force or persuasion. From the mid part of the 20th century, United States America is one such country which ‘tried’ to or even evolved into a hegemonic country, due to the optimum development of its economic, military and even soft power statuses. In the late 19th – early 20th century, U. S. made sizable attempts to expand its political influence over other territories through their imperialistic initiatives and importantly through their involvement in both the World Wars. With the two World Wars elevating U. S. position in the international area, and with its economy, its science and technology capabilities and even mass media optimizing, it kind of gave the platform for U. S. to elevate its po sition further and become a hegemonic power. US’s plans to play a prominent international role got actualized in the second half of the 20th century as well, because of its confrontation with Soviet Union through Cold War, its involvement in the Middle-East and other territories. U. S’s hard-power as well as soft-power capabilities have improved so much now that no other country in the world have the capability as well as the will to dethrone it from its position of solo superpower, as U. S. hegemony is stronger, aggressive and at the same time democratic and benevolent.1 However, the other view is, due to certain misadventures, U. S. days as the solo superpower could be numbered.2 This paper will focus on this hegemonic status of U. S., by analyzing whether U.S. hegemony is going to continue or end, and by concluding how it is going to continue and not going to end soon. U.S. Hegemonic beginnings Although many European countries including Britain, Spain, France, etc., exhibited their imperialistic policies to become a hegemonic power in the early centuries, U. S. played a subdued role then. With U. S. ‘forming’ into country quite lately and due to its domestic issues, it did not initiate any major imperialistic steps. However, in the late part of 19th century due to its indirect confrontations with Spain in foreign territories, it started moving in that direction. That is, the Spanish–American War took place when U. S. involved itself in the Cuban War of Independence, and also due to its attacks on the Spanish territories in the Pacific area, particularly on Philippines.3 U. S. started initiating imperialistic actions, when it found that its interests are being undermined by other powers and also when it found that there are no strong opposition from the indigenous people because of in-fighting between themselves. This perspective was validated by Derbyshire (2003), who stated, â€Å"In places where America's interests are a t stake, however (and in conflict with those of other nations)-and where national feeling is divided, or artificial, or non-existent, so that patriotic native elites cannot easily take control of the situation-we need to act in our own interests†4 The key intention of U. S. to indulge in imperialism and thereby become a hegemonic power in the long run is to develop economically. When countries normally enter territories rich in natural resources, after capturing the power of governance, they will mainly go for these resources, and U.

The impact of the foreign intervention on the uprisings during the Essay

The impact of the foreign intervention on the uprisings during the Arab spring - Essay Example Foreign intervention has played significant role in accelerating the uprising and influencing their outcome. This paper examines the impact of foreign intervention on the Arab awakening. Origin of Arab uprising The extent of foreign intervention in Arab uprising varies across the different countries that experienced or are currently undergoing the upheavals. Before investigating the various foreign interventions, it is important to investigate the underlying social, economic and political factors in various Arab countries in North Africa and Middle East. According to Timo and Mika, protests in Tunisia and Egypt were driven by similar social, economic and political motives. Uprisings in both countries took an identical course of events that ultimately resulted to the fall of the existing governments. The dissatisfaction with the economic situation played a critical role in causing the uprising in Egypt and Tunisia. For several decades, both countries had initiated economic reforms to stimulate and enhance trade in the region in response to globalization. However, the reforms adversely affected the living standards of the majority middle and low-income groups creating resentment. Prior to the uprising in Tunisia and Egypt, majority of the citizens experienced decline in real wages, high inflation, and increasing levels of unemployment. The situation was worse among the youth, especially graduates, who experienced high levels of unemployment (Kitchen, 14). The â€Å"Jasmine Revolution† that was precursor to Arab spring in Tunisian was started by unemployed graduate Mohamed Bouazizi who set himself ablaze after he was denied authority to sell groceries in the streets of a Tunisian city(Kumaraswamy, 6) Although the economic reforms generated significant job opportunities, in these regions, most jobs were low skilled and of dismal wages. Moreover, the high population growth in these countries has not been accompanied by proportionate economic growth to absorb the citizens into the labor market. A combination of these factors left many unemployed and middle class youth disillusioned with countries’ political systems (Kumaraswamy, 6). The political structure in Egypt and Tunisia also played a critical role in causing the uprising. According to Timo and Mika, the political governance in these countries is dictatorial, where cronyism and nepotism reigned supreme. The poor, â€Å"unconnected† and educated individuals lacked access to employment opportunities while the crony capitalism amassed wealth and power in the country at the expense of meritocracy (5-6). The disenchanted but educated youth formed the core of the uprising in the affected countries. Political oppression is another major defining characteristic of the countries affected by the uprising. For long period, leadership in the affected Arabic countries has been autocratic, suppressing fundamental human rights and freedoms. In Egypt, the leadership of President Hosn i Mubarak was characterized by ruthless crackdown on public protests and other forms of expression. In addition, the government manipulated elections in favor of the incumbent, who had remained in power for over three decades. The government utilized state security agencies to

Malunggay as an effective cooking oil Essay Example for Free

Malunggay as an effective cooking oil Essay Commercial cooking oil is an enormous need of people nowadays. These days, cooking oil is becoming expensive. Commoners, or people with insufficient finance, can no longer afford this necessity. Instead, they opt for oil with lesser quality simply because it’s cheaper. It’s very ghastly to do this because for one; your health could be affected, two; you could harbour diseases, and three; on the worst case scenario, it could lead to your death. To think that they would go to extreme lengths, such as that, just to provide oil. Going back to the topic prior to this, we think that although it may be costly, most cooking oils are of unsatisfactory standards especially in our nutrition. With that said, we all share the idea of wanting to solve this problem. We conducted a research about the effectivity of Moringa Olefeira, also known as â€Å"Malunggay†, when used as an ingredient for cooking oil. We chose Moringa Olefeira for a reason; gram for gram, â€Å"Malunggay† leaves contain: seven times the vitamin C in oranges, four times the Calcium in milk, four times the vitamin A in carrots, two times and the protein in milk and three times the Potassium in bananas. Using this so called â€Å"Wonder Vegetable† (according to the elderly), we could create a product that can be healthy and useful, and at the same time be sold in a reasonable price. Our main goal is aimed at the welfare of everyone. We hope that this experiment can be of great help to anyone who uses it. We gathered the data of this study from various references. We owe a massive and part of this study to literature and the internet; without them we wouldn’t have anything, even a problem, to begin with. 3 Statement of the Problem. Main Problem Can malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) leave extract be a potential material for formulating cheaper yet healthier commercial cooking oil? Specific Questions 1. At which concentration of malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) leaves extract will it be able to cook food? a. 10 mg/ml b. 20 mg/ml c. 25 mg/ml 2. How effective will it be on cooking safe and edible food? It can be inferred in terms of: a. Period or time of cooking b. Taste of the food cooked c. Nutrition facts or nutrients contained by the food 4. Significance of the Study People living in the community. The study will help the people in the community to manufacture useful cooking oil that can be alternatively used to cook food – which is a basic commodity. Malunggay is very common to the community so people can easily grow them and prepare it for extraction. In addition, unlike the commercial cooking oil we use, it is healthy and contains the nutrients of malunggay. The researchers. The researchers will benefit from the study because in would fulfil our curiosity. It will also encourage us to find other alternatives from malunggay -which is very abundant in our country- that can help us in our everyday lives. Environment. The environment profit from the study in the fact that cooking oil that is already used by people will just be thrown away in the streams and it will cause water pollution. Not like with the cooking oil made from malunggay, its chemical components can be easily dissolved in water. Manufacturers of commercial cooking oil. This study would help big companies as it lessen the production cost of cooking oil because it only uses malunggay. 5 Scopes and Limitations of the Study The study aims to produce budget-friendly and nutritious oil that can be used by people to cook their own food. In able to do this study, researchers must first collect Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) around the community and prepare it for extraction in the laboratory or do it at home. After the extraction process, series of test must be done to prove and justify the effectivity of the product. It must cook food using stoves at normal cooking temperature that are normally used by households and the food must contain healthy nutrients that must be good to our body. This experiment also has its fair share of restrictions. And one of those restraints is when the researcher doesn’t have sufficient materials to create the said product, especially if they don’t have the main ingredient or, in this case, the malunggay. The person would have to plant or buy these materials, thus spending much time and cash. Speaking about money, another problem may occur if the researcher has a weak budget. An extra problem is if the researcher does not have enough knowledge to create and research about the problem. Another limitation of the study is when the researcher doesn’t have a place to create the product or when his surrounding isn’t fit for the making of the substance. The researcher must remember to take into account even the smallest detail of this project. The researcher must have great dedication in doing this study. He should love what he is doing and he need to make it as one of he’s passion. 6.

Kurdistan Essay -- essays research papers fc

Kurdistan is a region that has existed in turmoil and is the â€Å"never was† country. The Kurds are the fourth largest ethnic group of the Middle East, numbering between 20 and 25 million. Approximately 15 million live in the regions of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, an area they called Kurdistan, yet they do not have a country of their own. Formal attempts to establish such a state were crushed by the larger and more powerful countries in the region after both world wars. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I, the Kurds were promised their own independent nation under the Treaty of Sevres. In 1923 however, the treaty was broken allowing Turkey to maintain its status and not allowing the Kurdish people to have a nation to call their own. The end of the Gulf war, Iran-Iraq war, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the end of the cold war has reinvigorated a Kurdish Nationalist movement. The movement is a powder keg ready to explode. With the majority of Kurds living within its boundaries, no country faces this threat more than Turkey. Because of Turkey’s concept of unified, cohesive nationhood-in which the existence of minorities are not acknowledged- these tensions in Turkey are more difficult to handle than else where. In southeastern Turkey, extreme fighting and guerilla tactics are used by the Kurds in support of their political parties. The Turkish military is actively stationed in this area now. There are several political parties that represent the needs of the Kurdish people. They are the Kurdistan’s Workers Party (PKK) who represent the needs of Turkish Kurds and are the most violent terrorist like group, the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI) who is active politically but not militarily, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) composed of Iraqi Kurds, and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) who is also representing the Iraqi Kurds. The PKK was created in 1974 as a Marxist-Leninist insurgent group primarily composed of Turkish Kurds searching for an independence movement. Its first and only leader, Abdullah Ocalan, or Apo as he came to be called, was at that time a student of political science at Ankara University. From the late 1970s, Ocalan worked closely with both the then Soviet Union and with Syria, whose governments were attempting to generate a political breakdown in Turkey. In 1977, the PKK published a series of "com... ...for years. In 1980, Ocalan actually moved to Syria and used Syrian facilities as well as training grounds in the Bekaa Valley to drill terrorist groups for cross-border attacks against targets in Turkey. Greece, a NATO ally, backs the PKK and its affiliates by every means at its disposal. The PKK is a very malicious and radical group in their search for their independence. They believe that their human rights are being oppressed by The Turkish peoples and that they deserve what land is theirs, no matter the cost. The only forces that stand in their way are Turkey, the PUK, and the KDP. If these organizations fail to stop the PKK, a new nation will be formed in the name of Marxism. And other countries may soon follow, changing what we know as the Middle East. Bibliography http://burn.ucsd.edu/~ats/PKK/pkk5-3.html http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk-s.htm http://web.nps.navy.mil/~library/tgp/kurds.htm http://www.turkey.org/apo-pkk/apo1.htm http://www.comebackalive.com/df/dplaces/kurdista/ The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990’s ; Robert Olsen, editor; The University Press of Kentucky, 1996

Music Analysis Essay

â€Å"Bitch Bad† is popular hip-hop song performed by Chicago native rapper, Lupe Fiasco. The song depicts the word bitch in the many forms that it is used in today’s urban society. The song starts with a dark weary synthesizer and a heavy deep 808 drum pattern that reflects the sound that is used in many of today’s popular club/party songs. The words to the song shine a stereotypical light on â€Å"bad bitches,† but there is a twist. Fiasco highlights 3 significant points which is the basis of the song, â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good, lady better† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). By producing this song, Lupe Fiasco points out the relevance and impact that the term has on modern day youth. Fiasco also wanted to make an attempt to steer people in the opposite direction from the normal stereotype of the well-known and overrated term ‘bad bitch. ’ As the first verse starts, Fiasco brings listeners into the world of a young male, around the age of 4 or 5 that picks up on the music his mother listens to that has references of women as being bad bitches. Fiasco describes how the mother sings to the song playing and her son is listening to her sing along to the lyrics. Fiasco states the more the son hears his mother play this type of music, he develops a certain complex on how he views women that use the â€Å"bad bitch† phrase. By the son being such a tender age, he receives the song based on what he sees in his mother instead of the derogatory way the song is describing women. The young boy forms his own opinion of the bad bitch theory. His own mother, whom he looks up to and admires, calls herself a bad bitch, so he depicts the term â€Å"bad bitch† to be positive. To him it resembles a strong, independent, respectful woman because this is how he sees his mother, as opposed to a woman that is weak, dependent and unstable. The hook to the song â€Å"Bitch Bad† illuminates the 3 categories of women: bitch, woman, and lady. â€Å"Bitch bad, woman good/ Lady better, they misunderstood/ (I’m killin’ these bitches)† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). These lyrics are self-explanatory. This hook is saying that being called a bitch is a bad thing, being called a woman is better, but being called a lady is phenomenal. Lupe Fiasco is trying to tell young girls, or young women, what they should be trying to aspire to be instead of trying to be what they see on the television screens or hear on the radio. More recently in urban society being a woman or a lady has lost its value. The message that Lupe Fiasco is trying to send out to the audience of this song is that being a bad bitch is not a positive look. In verse two of the song â€Å"Bad Bitch,† Fiasco breaks down how a young group of girls in their pre-teen stage listen to songs and watch music videos on the internet. The videos are uncensored and because they know more about the internet than their parents, they don’t get parental consent. Children tend to know a lot more about modern day technology than their parents. This is how children such as the ones described in this verse, are able to watch uncensored items online. The young girls are at an age where they need a positive female role model, but instead they are influenced by the women they see in music videos. These young girls receive a different persona of a bad bitch than the young boy in the first verse. Bad bitches to them are women that have sex appeal, skinny with big butts, and wear sexy and revealing clothing. As the song states â€Å"High heels, long hair, fat booty, slim†¦ They don’t see a paid actress, just what makes a bad bitch† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). The girls have this image in their heads, and without proper guidance, this is what they want to grow up to be. The third verse begins by Fiasco stating that he is not trying to teach children to use the term â€Å"bitch† but as a psychological way to let listeners know that he is against the use of the word. This verse combines the first two and it continues with the observation of how small the world really is and the young boy from the first verse and one of the young girls from the second verse meet. Fiasco continues on to illustrate how the boy is viewing the girl in an insolent way based on how she is dressed, but she is saying it in a sexual way. His viewing of a bad bitch is not what the girl is showcasing. Sure enough, in this little world/The little boy meets one of those little girls/And he thinks she a bad bitch/And she thinks she a bad bitch/He thinks disrespectfully/She thinks of that sexually/She got the wrong idea/He don’t wanna fuck her/He thinks she’s bad at being a bitch/Like his mother† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). She is flaunting her half-dressed body i n front of him, yet he is telling her that his mother didn’t do things like that, and that is what he knows to be a bad bitch. The young man fostered his view on the term from what he saw in his mother, a respectful woman. They young lady obtained her view from the flashy video girls she saw in music videos. The term ‘bad’ back in earlier years portrayed a woman who had her life together and was sexy in a respectful way. She was the woman that didn’t need assistance from the male counterpart. Black moguls in the rap/hip hop community, such as Dame Dash, Russell Simmons, Nicki Minaj, and Jay-Z have taken the word ‘bad’ and made the ‘bitch’ addition and spread it through the black culture. Now a female who has lower standards perceives that she’s a â€Å"bad bitch† because she is being uplifted by the black urban community. Society today can take the term â€Å"bad bitch’ as being either good or bad. Marc Hogan, writer for Spin Magazine, stated â€Å"Clearly, something has changed in hop hop’s relationship with anti-woman slurs†¦and that’s ostensibly what Lupe Fiasco tries to address†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hogan). The perception of women slurs all depend on individual perceptions and how much impact social media has on an individual. This song released in August 2012. Upon its music video release, MTV did an interview with Lupe Fiasco. During this interview, Fiasco stated that he â€Å"just wanted to have a conversation,† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe also suggested that because there is no solidification to the term bad bitch, â€Å"†¦it’s definitely something that I think we should talk about because it’s so prevalent in our culture right now† (Fiasco, Interview). Lupe is trying to get the world to understand that a bad bitch is a double standard as stated in the lyrics â€Å"Bad mean good to her/She really nice and smart/ But bad mean bad to him/Bitch don’t play your part/ But bitch still bad to her if you say it the wrong way/ But she think she a bitch/What a double entendre† (Fiasco, Bitch Bad). Rob Markman stated that â€Å"Lupe Fiasco knows all too well the power of words. † This is very true. Fiasco’s music is well known in the hip hop industry for relaying some kind of message. Lupe Fiasco did precisely what he set out to do, spark a conversation and produce different point of views. â€Å"Depending on where you stand, the term â€Å"bad bitch† may have positive or negative connotations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Markman). Fiasco let the world know that is was more to being a ‘bad bitch’. What viewers see in music videos is only one perception. Needless to say, â€Å"†¦whether you consider â€Å"bitch† empowering or degrading, there is always something to ponder on† (Viera), and Lupe Fiasco definitely gave his listeners, and non-listeners, something to think about.

A1 – Include a Reflective Account of the Role of the Practitioner

The role of the practitioner in supporting the learning needs of children is they have to do regular assessments on their development and learning to identify their progress and plan their next steps Beaver, et . al, (2008). The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), (2008) states that the role of the practitioner is crucial in observing and reflecting on children’s spontaneous play, building on this by planning and providing a challenging environment which supports specific areas of children’s learning and extends and develops children’s language and communication in their play.See appendix ?. Another role of the practitioner is to work professionally and responsibly such as to work as part of the team, work with parents and partners, participate in providing an environment that is welcoming and stimulating and to meet the learning needs of each individual child by providing a range of activities and experiences Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See appendix ?.Another rol e of the practitioner is to ensure they comply with the codes of practice that protect the employee, these could relate to storage of information, smoking and consumption of alcohol, recruitment procedures, professional development , workplace conditions such as hazards and temperature, risk assessments and equality of opportunity Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See appendix 2. Following policies and procedures is another role of the practitioner they help practitioners to carry out responsibilities and ensure that everyone in the setting including children, parents, staff and other professionals remain safe.Examples of policies are Health and Safety policy, Equal Opportunities policy, Behaviour Management policy and Child Protection policy Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See appendix ?. Another role of the practitioner is to make sure children well-being is at the heart of everything they do and offer learning experiences appropriate to the development stage, interests and learning styles of e ach individual child Enable early years training and consultancy, (2010). See appendix ?.Another role of the practitioner is to work with and involve parents, as parents are the people that know their child best and they will be able to inform you of any particular interests the child enjoys, this will help practitioners to plan activities and experiences Beaver, et . al, (2008). Appendix ?. Another role of the practitioner is to respecting confidentiality of private information involving children and their families. To respect confidentiality practitioners need to keep all nformation about a child and family safe and should stored in a locked filling cabinet or on a password protected computer, this is to ensure that no information is disclosed, if information about a child was to be disclosed it could bring unnecessary upset or strain on the entire family Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See appendix ?. Another role of the practitioner is to meet the diverse needs of children see appendi x 51. The DCSF, (2008) states that practitioners should meet the needs of each individual child by delivery personalised learning, development and care to help children get the best start in life.It also says that practitioners need to promote positive attitudes to diversity and difference with all children. Being reflective is another role of a practitioner, this means thinking about effective you have been in planning activities or communicating with parents. By being reflective practitioners will be able to think about how to repeat something that has worked well or how to improve for next time Tassoni, et . al, (2007). See appendix ?.Being a reflective practitioner makes you aware of their strengths and weaknesses and identifying what they could do differently. There are many benefits of being a reflective practitioner for both themselves and the child some include; skills are developed, personal development, more confident benefits for the child include their individual needs a re more likely to be met, practitioners will have a greater understanding of how to support their development Barber and Paul-Smith, (2009). See appendix ?.

Montgomery Bus Boycotts impact on America

Montgomery Bus Boycotts impact on America Free Online Research Papers In 1955, Edgar Daniel Nixon, the president of the local National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) chapter, along with other community leaders was waiting for a chance to challenge segregation on Montgomery Alabama’s public buses. They were waiting for the right person to be arrested, someone who would be willing to stand up for their rights. On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Louise McCauley Parks refused to give up her seat when a white man asked her to. Nixon finally got his chance and organized a meeting of the local ministers. They chose the name Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and appointed Reverend Martin Luther King Junior as the leader. The night of Rosa Parks’ arrest, Jo Ann Robinson circulated a flyer asking all Negroes to stay off all buses on Monday. The MIA had a meeting the next morning. They decided on a proposal for a dividing line on buses so that there was a section for blacks and a section for whites. This would mean a white could not make a Negro stand up from their seat behind the line. They believed that this was a fair compromise the city would accept. The MIA also wanted all bus passengers to receive civil treatment by bus drivers, be seated on a first-come, first-served basis, and blacks to be employed as bus drivers. They gave the proposal to the city that Friday. The boycott started on Monday, December 5, 1955. Very few blacks rode the bus that day, so it was decided to continue the boycott. The effectiveness of the boycott was due to the fact that the majority of passengers that rode the buses were black, and without enough passengers the bus system experienced great financial distress. The boycotters formed a system of carpools, with car owners transporting people to various places in Montgomery. White housewives drove their servants to work. The city tried to stop carpools by forcing local insurance companies to stop insuring the cars used in the carpools. Because of this, boycott leaders arranged policies with Lloyd’s of London, a British insurance market. Black taxi drivers charged ten cents per ride, which was equal to the cost of riding the bus, until December 8 when city officials required cab drivers to charge at least 45 cents per ride. People also used other forms of transportation such as walking, cycling, or even h itchhiking. Across the nation, black communities and churches raised money for the boycott and collected new and slightly used shoes for the citizens who now walked to work everyday. After about six months on June 4, 1956, the federal district court ruled that Alabama’s racial segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional. But, the case was appealed and the segregation laws were kept until on November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the lower court’s ruling. This led to a city ordinance that allowed black bus passengers to sit anywhere they wanted. The boycott finally ended on December 20, 1956. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was one of the U.S. civil rights movement’s first victories. Not only could the Montgomery blacks ride the buses as equals, but now blacks in other places could too. The boycott started a movement for equality that opened up opportunities for many blacks to prove that they were equal. Since it proved that one Jim Crow law was unconstitutional, people began to wonder if maybe all Jim Crow laws were unconstitutional. The Montgomery Bus Boycott started a revolution in America that will never be forgotten. Research Papers on Montgomery Bus Boycott's impact on AmericaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is ArtNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAW

Summary Of The Belmont Report

Summary Of The Belmont Report Introduction This paper gives a summary of the Belmont report, its impact on world business and a virtue ethics theory that supports it. The Belmont Report is a synopsis of fundamental moral standards recognized by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioural Research created by the National Research Act of 1994. It is a broadcast of essential moral standards and rules that ought to help with determining the moral issues that encompass the conduct of research with human subjects published in the Federal Register. These principles include Respect for Persons, Beneficence and Justice (Beauchamp, T. L. 2008). Impact of the Report on World business In the world business, certain groups, for example, racial minorities, the financially burdened, the extremely sick, and the institutionalized may consistently be looked for as research subjects, attributable to their prepared accessibility in research led settings. Given their dependent status and their frequently unlimited free consent, putting these ethical virtues in practice ought to secure against the risk of being involved in research exclusively for managerial accommodation, or because they are anything but difficult to control as a consequence of their sickness or financial condition. Virtue ethics and its support to the report Eudemonism is a traditional case of Virtue Ethics. It grasps appropriate objective of human life as happiness ,prosperity and pronounced life accomplished through practicing a habit or quality that permits people to prevail at their motivation and resolve any contentions or predicaments which may emerge including caution, Justice, endurance and temperance. The Virtue ethics does not bolster Belmont report. This report is principles-based and its focal understanding is that ethical conduct comprises of general principles and Specific rules from the general principles. For instance, the opinion of non-perniciousness (do no damage) infers obligations not to murder, assault, or strike innocent individuals. Eudemonia which is a virtue-based approach on the other hand concentrates on the advancement of good character attributes, contending that joy comprises not only in fulfilling ones cravings but rather in performing capacities that are remarkably human (Flicker, Travers, Guta, McDonald, Meaghar, 2007). Conclusion The Virtue-based approach to deal with research integrity is a sensible other option to the Principles- based approach, however, it has weaknesses and limitations. It gives some understanding into preparation and guidance, yet it is not an extremely valuable instrument for policy advancement and implementation or ethical decision-making. Moral standards provide better direction to policy development and implementation. The two methodologies are not fundamentally unrelated. However, they can be sought after together. References Beauchamp, T. L. (2008). The Belmont Report.  The Oxford textbook of clinical research ethics, 21-28. Flicker, S., Travers, R., Guta, A., McDonald, S., Meagher, A. (2007). Ethical dilemmas in community-based participatory research: Recommendations for institutional review boards.  Journal of Urban Health,  84(4), 478-493.

How significant are the events of September 11th 2001 for Realist Essay

How significant are the events of September 11th 2001 for Realist assumptions Do they fundamentally undermine Realist assumptions - Essay Example Following the Cold War there was a return toward liberalism, and currently the pendulum appears to have swung back to a convoluted type of realism. Discussing these theories is much like watching a really good tennis match - there is a constant volley of back-and-forth with no end in sight. The main reason for this most recent shift back to realism is the terrorist attack against the United States on September 11, 2001. On September 11, 2001, the United States suffered an act of terrorism that transcended the attack on Pearl Harbor that led to U.S. involvement in WWII. Terrorists hijacked domestic airline flights and used the planes as the tools to destroy the World Trade Center in New York City and to damage the Pentagon. Over 3.000 people were killed, and the world was silent with shock. The ease with which the terrorists carried out this act and the unexpectedness of the event led the world’s nations to once again turn toward realism in regards to International Relations. The theories of liberalism and realism are at opposite sides of the spectrum. The late 1980s and the 1990s saw a trend toward liberalism. Proponents of liberalism stress the ideas of interdependency and cooperation among the nations (Haque, 2003). Realism, on the other hand, assumes that anarchy is the norm and each nation sees the others as a constant threat (Owen-Vandersluis, 2000). In order to survive this anarchy, nations must be self-sufficient and able to protect themselves against real or perceived threats. Nations commonly focus on military strength, making sure that they are powerful enough to prevent attacks from others. A perfect example is the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War in the 1970s and early 1980s. The end of the Cold War resulted in new attitudes on behalf of the American people. They focused on living with peace, rather than antagonism, and were confident that democracy had solved the world’s

Contemporary Issues Concerning Security Issues as A Profession Assignment

Contemporary Issues Concerning Security Issues as A Profession - Assignment Example Rather, it is said that liberalism thrives on the wings of security rather than liberty and that if the people are guaranteed of their security, they can champion the possibility of liberalism. The second issue, on the other hand, happens to be a more tangible and practical phenomenon that happens to be with us as a people on a constant basis. This is the issue of natural disasters and how the country has often been taken unawares by the magnitude and breadth of these natural disasters. In the news item, there is a reflection on one of the major hurricanes that was recorded in the history of the United States and this was Hurricane Katrina. Generally, there are questions about the role that the security professional can play in risk mitigation associated with such natural disasters. Arguing that the mere identification of the disasters and the warning of citizens to stay off are not enough, detailed remarks are given on how the issue impacts security operations and how it can be handled well in future. On the issue of balance between liberty and security, there can be several implications drawn on the impact that it has on security operations, though this contemporary issue is highly academic. In the first place, the vivid realization that the very liberties and freedoms of the people rest with the degree of security they have implies that security operations hold, and is responsible for the fundamental protection of the practice of liberalism in the country. If this is so, then there is the need to equip the security forces, and for that matter the security professional with adequate contingency preparations that will ensure that they are able to give maximum protection to the liberties of the collective people of the country. By this, an advocacy for people-centered security operations is admonished.