Catch Me If You Can Essay

In the beginning of the story Frank’s parents decide to get a divorce, resulting in Frank becoming emotionally distraught, he becomes a very lost and confused teenager looking to escape the feelings of sorrow Frank decides to run away for he can not choose which parent t olive with being so Young and innocent to the real World he figures the easiest way to make money is to scandal people and banks for his survival, this talent comes easy to frank. When frank runs away home which is brave itself because is so young, he starts to write checks from a checkbook that his father gave to him, he goes from making bad checks to making them and passing as an airplane pilot for Panamericana airlines, he even stole a beautiful black suitcase to work as a pilot, he always shows complete disregard for the law and believes that he will never get caught. Frank not only attempts this but he successfully does it for a quiet a while, when frank decides he doesn’t want to be an airplane pilot anymore he decides to want to be a doctor. He creates a fake degree and went to a big and famous hospital to ask for a job and there he meets Brenda a girl with nerd appearance and start dating her. One day when they were in the bed frank ask her to marry him and she with a happy faces said yes. Frank and Brenda travels to New Orleans to meet Brenda’s parents. When they were having dinner on beautiful and big house Brenda’s parents can tell that frank is faking everything and admires frank for his bravery and gave him his blessing to marry his daughter. And there is when Brenda’s parents’ offers frank a job at his law firm so frank went to an empty room where he starts to watch movies about laws and start studying to be able to work as a lawyer. Frank life was basically based in faking he beginning faking checks to make them and he also fake a panamericana pilot, a doctor, and a lawyer. He had a fake life and they did not have anyone on his life that was why he always called the police on December. Frank had too much money but he was not happy and he could not enjoy it because he was always trying to scope the police. Finally the movie teaches us that it does not matter to have enough money if we are not going to be able to find the happiness.

English as a Second Language Essay

Originally, England’s linguistic changes made English the second language and over the years, second language teaching has undergone a lot of erratic changes. Religious schools have greatly influenced the moral and cultural framing of English at this point in time. UK was also the center of developmental English teaching during World War II. Pioneers such as Harold Palmer, Michael West and Lawrence Fawcett triumphed in founding principled basis for teaching English as a second language. These strategies and methodologies derived from teaching of English on Great Britain were adjoined with other existing forms from overseas settings. In general, English is the first and widely taught foreign or second language and is considered as a medium language for education. Today, it is a common context to learn or study more than two languages. Pope stated, â€Å"English represents access to specific knowledge and skills and tends to be identified with the technology and science as well as the economic and cultural models of the modern 32). Different approaches such as communication, vocabulary and grammar are used in teaching English as a second language. Learning also depends on the fluency level aim, if it is purposely learnt for specific tasks or if the learner wants to achieve a native speaking tongue. English and other foreign languages can be mastered through live encounters or cross-cultural communication and study or technical translation. Early introduction of English in schools poses an academic advantage when it comes to learning the language. Basically, background knowledge of English and other foreign language is one of the most important things to consider. Reading is a cardinal skill in learning. It enhances metalinguistic awareness but for some reason, it can become a hindrance and a false knowledge. Students tend to enjoy meaningful conversation more than teachers’ theoretical strategies of detailed vocabulary and grammar lessons and this causes the problem in comprehension. Since some students do not deliberately concentrate on their reading skills and focus more on conversing, complete understanding is not achieved and it is merely viewed as a plain reading. Children at a very young age study two or more foreign languages and sometimes, English is rather a third language. Schools and educators sometimes forget to pay attention over the verity that it could be too much for young children to learn multiple languages all at the same time. For universities that use English for substantial academic paper works and materials, reading is crucial. But every teacher and learner should focus on the remaining language skills: listening, speaking, writing, and assessment, even if these are all adjunct to the capital skill that is reading. It is important for the teacher to have a considerable degree of attention towards the native language of the learner because native language plays a vital role in understanding a foreign language. English is the universal language. In some instances, teachers also experience difficulty expressing thoughts in English and this indicates that it is hard to achieve proficiency even if an individual has the basic and complex knowledge of the language. Teachers and educators’ goal should not be for the learners to achieve a native speaking tongue that flawlessly pronounces tones and speaks vocabulary and grammar perfectly. The ultimate goal is for students to learn how to listen, speak, write and read in English in a manner of complete comprehension and not necessarily to acquire a native speaking tongue. Works Cited Pope, Rob. â€Å"The English studies book: an introduction to language, literature and culture. † 2002). Routledge. 420 Smith, Richard C. â€Å"Wren and Wyatt†. 2003). Routledge.

In what ways, and how effectively Essay

â€Å"Hamlet† contains particular elements which categorise it as a revenge tragedy, a popular genre in late 1500’s and early 1600’s. Revenge tragedies often comprise of certain characters who are appointed to pursue vengeance against a particular person. In addition, there is frequently a central plot, for example Hamlet’s revenge on Claudius for his father’s death, and minor sub plots; Laertes’ revenge on Hamlet and Fortinbras’ attempt to regain the lands his father lost. Revenge tragedies often incorporate similar plot lines, which are usually relatively simple, and they regularly contain similar features, such as a ghost, a hesitating revenger, a villain and concepts of madness, all of which are featured in â€Å"Hamlet. † Although the play is much more complex than a stereotypical revenge tragedy, one of the central themes is revenge, and Shakespeare portrays this through three entirely different characters. The main plot focuses on Hamlet, however there are intricate links to Laertes and Fortinbras. Shakespeare effectively presents the three revenge characters as possessing parallel lives, especially Fortinbras and Hamlet. In using 5 Acts, Shakespeare does more than present the popular genre of revenge tragedy and through the structure of these he effectively uses sub plots, as well as the main plot, in which Hamlet is instructed to take revenge on Claudius. The sub plots, including Laertes’ revenge on Hamlet and Fortinbras’ revenge, are particularly effective because they allow contrasts between the main revenge characters, and allow the audience to observe each character in a different perspective. In this way Hamlet’s attitude towards revenge contrasts with that of Laertes’, the typical avenger, and Fortinbras’ life appears to almost parallel Hamlet’s. Shakespeare effectively brings the main and sub-plots to a close dramatic conclusion. Various scenes, such as the gravediggers scene, have a dual purpose in that whilst they provide an integral concentration on death, they also act as â€Å"comic relief† scenes, and inject some humour into the play. Shakespeare presents Hamlet as the central character and the main focus in the theme of revenge. The audience initially meets Hamlet in Act 1 ii, where the court is assembled, and there are signs of conflict between Hamlet and the newly appointed King, Claudius. The audience is given the plot basis, which in turn the play develops from. Hamlet’s disgust for the King and Queen is specifically addressed in his first soliloquy, where he shares with the audience his anguish and resentment for them. He attempts to come to terms with his Father’s death and his Mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius, â€Å"But two months dead, nay, not so much, not two! † (Act 1 ii) Due to his mother’s swift marriage, Hamlet’s opinions of womenhood are shattered, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman. † Shakespeare effectively develops this initial resentment, which Hamlet feels towards both the King and Queen due to their â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† (Act 2 ii), and it intensifies when Hamlet is informed by the Ghost of the true nature of his father’s death. In this first soliloquy, his speech is evocative, especially where he conveys strong emotions in the metaphor comparing the current world to â€Å"an unweeded garden,† (Act 1 ii) with â€Å"things rank and gross in nature. † Shakespeare effectively presents Hamlet as a considerable intellect, shown by his reference to Greek mythological figures. He emphatically uses juxtaposition, where Hamlet makes a strong comparison between his father and Claudius, â€Å"Hyperion to a satyr. † Act 1 ii, implying his father was like a sun god whereas Claudius was a mere half goat half man creature. The strong comparison reveals his bitterness towards Claudius. It can be argued that the ghost is created by Shakespeare as a powerful, metaphorical force and as such acts as the initial figure to provoke Hamlet to pursue an active revenge against Claudius. Hamlet’s first response to the ghost’s claim is rather hasty, † May sweep to my revenge. † Act 1 v. This appears to echo Laertes’ impetuous attitude towards revenge, however, Hamlet does not fit this role, and he remains a thinking revenger. The ghost states â€Å"Ay, that incestuous†¦ and prey on garbage,† (Act 1 v) suggesting that Claudius had seduced Gertrude before her husband’s death, although there is no evidence in the rest of play to support this judgement. As a result, Hamlet experiences greater resentment towards both Gertrude, but more specifically Claudius. Hamlet is instructed by the ghost to avenge his father’s death, â€Å"If thou hast nature in thee, bear it not†¦ damned incest. † (Act 1 v) however, he tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude to God’s judgement, â€Å"Leave her to heaven†¦ prick and sting her. † Act 1 v. Shakespeare effectively uses a metaphor to present Gertrude’s conscience. The ghost’s last words to Hamlet are â€Å"Remember me† (Act 1 v) which sounds like a command, but is actually an unequivocal instruction, in which Hamlet must not forget to avenge his father. Shakespeare utilises the Ghost’s speech to relate the terrors of purgatory, ending with the effective simile, â€Å"Like quills upon the fretful porpetine. † Act 1 v. The ghost continues this passionate language to arouse intense feelings and incite Hamlet to commit murder as the ultimate revenge, â€Å"Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast. † (Act 1 v). Similarly the ghost’s narrative uses particularly graphic and evocative language to enhance strong emotions, â€Å"That swift as quicksilver is courses through / The natural gates and alleys of the body. † Act 1 v. Shakespeare effectively presents Hamlet as a thinking revenger and not a warrior, a major contrast to Laertes’ character. Hamlet’s second soliloquy particularly focuses on his delay for avenging his Father’s death, when he begins with â€Å"O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I! † Act 2 ii. Hamlet expresses his disgust for himself for delaying his revenge, and the language of the speech is passionate, because he is punishing himself. During the soliloquy, he constantly criticises himself, â€Å"A dull and muddy-mettled rascal†¦ not for a King. † Act 2 ii. Hamlet expresses himself as dull spirited and unable to act, because he is â€Å"pigeon-livered and lack gall. † Act 2 ii, suggesting that he does not contain the capacity for revenge, and doesn’t have the courage to accomplish the deed. Shakespeare effectively presents Hamlet’s inner frustration, in his language by using a series of adjectives, â€Å"Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! / O, Vengeance! † Act 2 ii, which reveals his real hatred for Claudius. Hamlet questions the ghost’s honesty for the first time, â€Å"The spirit that I have seen / May be the devil, and the devil hath power. † Act 2 ii. Therefore, Hamlet decides to â€Å"catch the conscience of the King,† (Act 2 ii) by staging a re-enactment of the crime and this portrays Hamlet’s thinking and philosophical approach to revenge, which he wants to be perfect. The prayer scene also reveals his philosophical temperament as Hamlet, the â€Å"sole son,† realises he is the only person appointed to take revenge for his father’s death. Shakespeare provides Hamlet with a perfect opportunity in which he has the chance to kill the King. However, Hamlet feels it is morally wrong to kill Claudius at prayer, not because it is a sacrilegious act, but because it would allow Claudius to go to heaven, which Hamlet obviously objects to. â€Å"Now might I do it pat, now ‘a is a-praying. And now I’ll do’t, And so ‘a goes to heaven. † Act 3 iii. It could also be argued that this suggests that he is not a cold – blooded killer. Hamlet also feels he would be letting his father down, â€Å"Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge,† and so consequently, Hamlet spares his Uncle’s life. Hamlet’s language during this speech appears particularly passionate. Shakespeare further portrays Hamlet as a major contrast to Laertes, in that Hamlet believes the King must be engaged in a sinful act before he can take revenge, â€Å"When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage / Or in th’incestuous pleasure of his bed. † Act 3 iii. However, Laertes is presented as a rash revenge hero and states that he would â€Å"cut his throat i’th’church! † Act 4 vii. Ironically, Hamlet’s soliloquy appears irrelevant, because Claudius’ repentence is not sincere, as his last couplet in the scene suggests, â€Å"My words fly up, my thoughts remain blow. / Words without thoughts never to heaven go. † Act 3 iii. The audience witnesses the king’s first, and only, confession during his soliloquy, in which he cannot pray due to his ill conscience and guilt, â€Å"A brothers murder. Pray can I not. † Act 3 iii. Consequently, it could be argued that Shakespeare wanted to give the audience a psychological insight into Claudius’ character and to feel some sympathy towards him, especially in the opening line, â€Å"O, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. † (Act 3 iii) In a sense, Shakespeare could be presenting Claudius in this manner to allow the audience to see him from a different perspective, instead of the traditional revenge villain. Claudius reveals why he killed the previous king Hamlet, â€Å"My crown, mine own ambition, and my Queen,† (Act 3 iii) and, he does ask for forgiveness, â€Å"Forgive me my foul murder? † Act 3 iii. Yet it is significant that he cannot fully repent because he is not willing to consider giving up the crown. Therefore, Shakespeare continues to present Claudius as the main villain in the play, one who is driven by cowardly and evil ambitions, but the audience is given a psychological insight, in which they gain a new understanding of his character. Shakespeare appears to present Hamlet from an alternative viewpoint, during the fencing match in the concluding scene. Hamlet’s revenge for Claudius is intensified, when his mother too is killed. She drinks to the success of her son, despite Claudius’ rebuke of â€Å"Gertrude, do not drink. † (Act 5 ii) The audience anticipates his strong objection to the Queen drinking, yet Shakespeare effectively presents Claudius’ cowardice and, arguably doubtful feelings for her, in this simple reproach. It is clear that Claudius cannot contemplate abandoning the plot, in order to save the Queen. After the trauma of his mother’s death, Hamlet acts with spontaneity when Laertes tells him who is responsible for the poisoned drink, â€Å"The King, the King’s to blame,† (Act 5 ii) and he wounds the King with the â€Å"envenomed† sword. Hamlet’s impulsive act echoes the murder of Polonius. He forces Claudius to drink the poison, â€Å"the King dies. † and in dying without contrition or forgiveness, Hamlet experiences some satisfaction in that his revenge will result in Claudius being sent to hell. However, Hamlet has experienced four acts of dilemma and deliberation and, in a sense, he was forced to take revenge due to Claudius’ callous actions and had a prime opportunity to do so. Shakespeare presents Laertes as a rash revenge hero, an effective contrast to Hamlet, and his revenge develops as a sub plot. Laertes returns home from Paris and demands to know how his father died, â€Å"How came he dead? † Act 4 v. Laertes appears to the audience as the more traditional revenger when compared to Hamlet, and he seems extremely determined, â€Å"My will, not all the world’s. † Act 4 v, implying that nothing in the world will stop him, until his desire for revenge is satisfied. The contrasting character of Laertes reveals the complex and indecisive manner in which Hamlet carries out revenge. Laertes’ revenge is intensified when he sees Ophelia’s madness, and he specifically compares Ophelia’s situation to that of their father’s, â€Å"a young maid’s wits† and â€Å"an old man’s life. † Act 4 v. Laertes, addressing Polonius’ funeral, describes it as â€Å"obscure† because there was â€Å"no trophy, sword, nor hatchment o’er his bones. † Act 4 v. In this sense Laertes experiences a greater resentment for his father’s death, in that he has not been honoured with an elaborate funeral. However, the relative secrecy of Polonius’ death is probably deliberate to avoid betraying the corruption of the court, an aspect Laertes is blind to. Claudius manipulates and corrupts Laertes, taking advantage of his rash state, and so is deliberately presented as a villain. By Act 4 vii, Laertes has discovered that Hamlet killed Polonius and his vengeful determination leads him to question Claudius as to why he has not yet taken action against Hamlet. Claudius gives â€Å"two special reasons,† which are that the Queen loves Hamlet and he loves the Queen, therefore he could not bear to act, â€Å"The Queen his mother lives almost by his looks. † In addition the common people love Hamlet and would support him, â€Å"Is the great love the general gender bear him. † Act 4 vii. The reasons Claudius gives reflect his manipulation of the truth and his cowardly attitude because he needs an instrument for his treachery. Both Claudius and Laertes are interrupted by a letter from Hamlet, â€Å"From Hamlet? Who brought them? † (Act 4 vii) Claudius is very surprised because he would have expected Hamlet dead. Claudius’ manipulation over Laertes is expressed again; â€Å"Will you be ruled by me? † Act 4 vii. Claudius must now make Laertes take revenge on Hamlet, because his plot to have Hamlet killed in England has failed. Claudius attempts to make Laertes a possible ally, by manipulating and flattering him, â€Å"Sir, this report of his†¦ to play with you. † Act 4 vii. The suggestion that Hamlet envies Laertes is possibly an invention on Claudius’ part because there is no other mention of this in the play. Claudius moves onto more urgent questions, â€Å"Laertes, was your father dear to you? † which makes Laertes appear helpless and eager to co-operate. Laertes comments that he would â€Å"cut his throat i’th’ church! † to prove himself to Polonius. Again Shakespeare uses these words significantly as they contrast strongly with Hamlet’s unwillingness to kill the king while he is at prayer. Laertes plays right into the kings’ hands when he offers to put poison on his sword tip, â€Å"I will do’t, / and for that purpose I’ll anoint my sword. † Act 4 vii. Ophelia’s drowning acts to further intensify Laertes’ revenge on Hamlet. The fencing match reinforces the presentation of Laertes as a revenge hero, as he acts in a typically rash and immoral manner. Shakespeare specifically presents this when Laertes becomes impatient and wounds Hamlet with the poisoned sword, â€Å"Have at you now! † (Act 5 ii) The indication that Laertes suddenly drives at Hamlet, and wounds him, reveals that he has now carried out his revenge. However, Laertes quickly notices the revenge on Hamlet has backfired â€Å"I am justly killed with mine own treachery,† (Act 5 vii) and that in addition he has also assisted Claudius in accidentally killing Gertrude. However, unlike Claudius, Laertes stays alive long enough to ask for forgiveness, â€Å"Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. † Act 5 ii. It is significant that Hamlet accepts Laertes’ apology, in that he is not pursuing revenge against him, the opposite being true of Claudius. More importantly it illustrates the greatness of Hamlet in comparison to the relative weakness of Laertes. Fortinbras is rarely mentioned in the play, however, he is briefly outlined by Claudius at the beginning. Shakespeare portrays Fortinbras as the third revenger, thus developing a complex presentation of tragedy in that there are three revengers. Fortinbras is introduced as having a parallel life to Hamlet’s and being a minor character compared to Laertes and Hamlet. In the sub plot Fortinbras wishes to take revenge for the lands his father lost in a duel with old King Hamlet, â€Å"Now sir, young Fortinbras†¦ so by his father. † Act 1 i. It appears that Fortinbras is like his father, a warrior, and this contrasts with Hamlet, who although his own father was also a warrior, has been well educated. When Fortinbras visits Elsinore in the final scene, he discovers he has succeeded to the throne, â€Å"But I do prophesy th’election lights on Fortinbras. † Act 5 ii, suggesting Hamlet is preparing the future throne of Denmark, and wants Fortinbras to succeed him. It is significantly ironic that Fortinbras gives Hamlet a soldier’s funeral, even though he wasn’t a warrior. Therefore Shakespeare uses various effective ways to present the theme of revenge throughout â€Å"Hamlet. † He uses contrasts between characters; Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras and divides each scenario into sub plots, which he effectively incorporates to one in the concluding scenes. Hamlets’ soliloquies allow the audience to experience a greater perception of his complex character, particularly as he is the main focus in the theme of revenge. Similarly Shakespeare’s language and imagery effectively portrays emotions and allows the characters to reveal aspects of their nature to the audience. Bibliography â€Å"The Embassy of Death: An Essay on Hamlet† – G. Wilson Knight   www. ulg. ac. be/libnet/germa/haleteng. htm   http://absoloute shakespeare. com http://shakespeare. about. com.

World History Soldier's Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World History Soldier's Journal - Essay Example However gradually I realized that it is my duty, my responsibility and I should not be emotional about it. With the passing time, I started perceiving my job as a symbol of manhood and started feeling proud about being a soldier. The advancement of nationalism in the 19th century had many severe outcomes. Rivalry for trade and colonies started to increase. Europe’s immense powers were rapidly segmented into two alliances, the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance. Predicaments in the Balkans within 1908 to 1913 made several European countries annoyed with one another. They were enthusiastic to go to combat to safeguard the supremacy of their national regions. Not all racial sections turned out to be nations. However the development of nationalism made the Poles, the Slavic and the Irish people’s demand of forming their individual national states. The National demands were not the sole reason behind the developing internal divergences during the initial years starting from 1900. During those times the socialist labor movements became further authoritative. These progresses were more and more intending to make use of strikes to achieve their objectives, even though this procedure paved the way f or hostility. A few of the conventional leaders were scared of the fact that their countries were on the edge of mutiny. Some history scholars claim that the terror of upheaval and the willingness to restrain internal disputes influenced the authoritative figures of some countries to take part in the war of 1914. Subsequent to 1900, the magnitude of armies all around Europe started to growth at a shocking rate. Conscription, a military draft, was utilized by the majority of the Western countries prior to 1914. It brought about the size of the European armed forces to an amount that is double the earlier number of armies between the time period 1890 and 1914. Militarism (arrangement for war) was developing. Military guides got to be

Love and the supernatural in methamorphosis ey ovid and midsummers Essay

Love and the supernatural in methamorphosis ey ovid and midsummers night dream by shakespeare - Essay Example While the former uses love and supernaturalism in order to transcend the material and induce a feeling of goodness about the world at the end, the latter, uses these two themes to criticize and disapprove the contemporary political and scientific theories. Though the literary pieces under consideration were composed at a gap of centuries, yet influences of Ovid can be detected in Shakespeare’s play. It is analysed by critics that the ‘gods and goddesses ’of Metamorphoses’ had influenced the construction of ‘fairies’ in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’. It may be claimed that Ovid’s construction of a mythological and mystic world through the random use of immortal characters and supernatural elements, has been attempted by Shakespeare to recreate in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ by using elements like magic and fairies. Whether both the texts establish the same idea, or are widely different from one anothe r is the subject of the analysis below. There is a prevalent use of supernatural elements in the plays of Shakespeare. Be it ghosts, witches, or fairies, or the technique of prediction and foretelling, paranormal and bizarre factors have always played a major role in the plot and thematic structure of the plays. The people of the Elizabethan period to which Shakespeare belonged to, were much superstitious, and their belief in supernaturalism dictated their life and actions to large extent. It may be said that Shakespeare’s use of elements of supernatural in his works shows the Elizabethans’ obsession with mythical beliefs. Though he was much influenced and pressurized by the demands of the contemporary stage goers to include supernatural elements in the plays, Shakespeare’s inherent genius was such that nowhere in the plays, the supernatural constituents appear incoherent or unnecessary to the plot. Those were incorporated ingeniously and made an dispensable

Law of Tort College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Tort College - Essay Example The production process is interrupted and all the materials in process are damaged beyond repair. In addition, because there is no water supply for 24 hours Brian loses the opportunity to carry out several more processes and loses the profits that these would have generated. An analysis of the facts of the case presents certain ambiguous legal issues within the premise of both common law as well as the law of torts. In the first situation, the issue is whether Derek's statement to Alan about the efficacy of the van, and the consequent economic loss to Brian, imposes a liability in tort on Derek and/or Alan. In the second situation, the issue is whether Brian can claim economic damages for the losses he has suffered in terms of equipment and material damage and by way of profit loss due to operations shut down resulting from Donald's negligent action. The first situation --Brian v. Derek/Alan - relating to Brian's purchase of van prima facie pertains to area of 'pure' economic loss due to negligent misstatement, resulting in tortious liability under common law.1 The second situation --Brian v. ... A. Brian v. Derek/Alan - Negligent Misstatement Resulting in Economic Loss The common law imposes liability in tort upon persons who make misstatements to others; however, only if the misstatement is made fraudulently or negligently, when there is a duty to take care. Also, the claimant/the person to whom the misstatement has been made must have sustained a loss (which may be physical or financial or both) as a result of reliance upon the misstatement. Thus, liability in the tort of negligent misstatement is generally defined in terms of the common law premises of duty, breach and damage,3 however, a "special treatment" is usually given considering the complexity and since tortious liability in this area is a relatively recent development.4 The case in question presents considerable issues in facts and in law, an analysis of which in relation may be vital in advising Brian. The primary issues for consideration include: Whether mistakes were fraudulent or arising out of negligence Whether Derek owes a duty of care to Brian for a report he made to Alan Whether the plaintiff sustained loss, economic or physical Whether Alan has a vicarious or personal liability in relation to Derek's misstatement and/or in passing the report to Brian Any defence, legal or factual, which may be claimed by Derek/Alan against Brian As the facts of the case reveal, there is no apparent evidence of fraud -- Derek cannot be said to have any interest in Alan or Brian purchasing a van that has been advertised in the local newspaper. The mistakes in the report are mainly due to negligence; however, relying on that Brian, a third party had sustained financial loss,

Tanunda winery Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tanunda winery - Case Study Example The alternatives available, recommendations, and action and implementation plan for Tanunda Winery. Introduction The Tanunda Winery, one of the leading mid-sized wineries in Australia, was located in the Barossa Valley of South Australia. A young Australian-trained winemaker, Colin MacIntosh had started it in 1976. The Tanunda Winery started producing a range of red and white wines that were speedily gaining acceptance in the marketplace by 1985. The company had established a solid reputation in Australia as a consistent manufacturer of high-quality premium table wines. The company was known for its marketing skills. The company had been successful in generating revenues domestically but did not succeed in the international markets due to lack of an export strategy. There existed an ample opportunity for the company to enter the international markets. Problem Statement The main area of concern was to find way into the International markets so that Tanunda Winery could sell their qual ity table wines and increase their volumes. It was difficult to find which markets to precisely target. In the given case, the marketing manager of Tanunda Winery had been given an assignment to evaluate the feasibility of launching a major export drive. Key Issues The Tanunda Winery was successful in Australia but did not achieve success in international markets. The reason being it is an Australian company producing quality table wines and people worldwide hardly know about Australia as a producer of wine. The senior management group decided in a strategic meeting held in early 2000 that a substantial growth opportunity existed in export markets and therefore George Steen, the marketing manager started preparing for a feasibility study for the next strategy meeting. On forecasts of a very positive environment in several export markets by the Australian wine industry report, George found it as an opportunity to enter foreign markets in a big way. The major concern of Bruce Clark, t he general manager, was about the ability of entering worldwide markets and making profits because of severe competition from the old-world countries such as Italy, Spain, and France who are experts at producing well-recognized wines with huge volumes and value-pricing. Their main concern was to catch up with which markets to sell large volumes of wine. The recognition could be done via the Olympic Games to be held in Sydney. The marketing efforts led to increase in profits but the rate of increase was declining as well as the average returns which is measured by profits as a percentage of sales. In the previous two years, Tanunda was a passive exporter that is it did not make much effort in drawing wine importers and did not have any export strategy. The domestic sales which also marginally and an unpredictable sales pattern in the bottled table wine market was also an area of concern for Tanunda Winery. Ageing population in Australia led to stability in the wine markets domestical ly. The stability in the Australian markets was also a concern which pushed them to expand their international markets. Rising mergers and acquisitions in the early 1990s was a growing concern or issue for the mid-sized companies. The small companies joined hands with bigger companies and therefore increase the bigger companies’ portfolio of products. It was becoming difficult for mid-sized companie

Significant Health Issue Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Significant Health Issue - Research Paper Example Different studies have shown that depression should be recognized as crucial issue by the practitioners. The major signs and symptoms of depression are losing interest, loss or change in the appetite, lack of interest in daily activities, change in sleep patterns. In a depressed state one may also feel low levels of energy and feeling of exertion even after having rest. If depression is not treated in a proper way it can result in physical sickness, isolation or in worst cases may lead a person to commit suicide (Styron, 1990). By dealing with the hurdles and utilizing a straightforward 20 questions Geriatric Depression Scale, diagnosis and cure can be performed with ease. The reports by NIH show that the symptoms of depression are represented by about 15 to 20% of the people who are over 60 to 65 years in age. Major and minor depression varies in rates from 5% to 30% from primary to long term setting. It has been shown that only 15 % of the old people receive the proper treatment fo r depression according to American Psychiatric Association (2002). The mortality rates in the old aged people due to depression are much higher as compared to the ones who are not suffering from it. The barriers for depression diagnosis by the patients and the practitioner are given as follows: By The Patient: †¢ Issues regarding perceptions or disgrace associated with psychological sickness †¢ Fear about condemnation by relatives †¢ Economic concerns related to expenditure of treatment †¢ Information and aptitude to identify symptoms of depression †¢ Anxiety concerned with other therapeutic occurrences like chronic sickness The Practitioner †¢ Unwillingness to pay attention †¢ Conviction that depression is a usual factor of growing old †¢ Non- familiarity or identification of symptoms †¢ Other medical situation is given priority Predominance of Elder Depression It has been found by extensive research that almost 25 to 30% of the elderly population shows symptoms of depression in one way or the other. The prevalence of depression in older women is two times more as compared to men of the same age. The depression in late life can lead to serious complications leading towards increased mortality and morbidity, higher costs of health care and prolonged stay at the hospitals. It has been estimated that 65% of older people having some mental problem want unmet psychological health services (Huisani, 2004). As the American people have longer life span, the disease and disability can not be avoided with the advancing age. It has been estimated that 55% or people at age 65 or older have some sort of disability and 35% are having severe disabilities. Therefore more than seven million elderly persons need some sort of help in order to perform daily activities of life like bathing, eating, cooking, travelling etc. All the above problems increase to further extent when the person moves to the age of 80+. Consequently, almost 20 % of the US adults are engaged in providing extraordinary care to their elderly relatives especially parents. These adults are at the same time involved in the brought up of their own children and also do jobs outside their home. So they are having a sort of double burden on them. Theoretically "Individuals involved in providing care to aging relatives and raising kids simultaneously at are known as the sandwich

Indigenous Studies 301-Assignment#2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Indigenous Studies 301- #2 - Assignment Example One needs to apply through listening skills, observation and first hand experiencing events- taking action. The learning system has its composition that includes learning directly, meditating, and rethinking. Facilitating is a major responsibility of teachers. There is another group of people that contribute by offering guidance and enhancing learning. These are the elders (Osburn-Bigfeather et al, 2004). Exploration of a person’s mind is the onset of practicing native science. There has to be a close connection of the mind and the heart as this facilitates effective learning. Native science perspective tries to explain the complex connection that exists between humans and the surrounding. This must be a healthy relationship in the sense that both have to tolerate each other with the aim of having a good future. The science perspective intends to show the importance of seeking knowledge appropriately so that diversity and humans never collide. The community has a role to play in educating the people on ways to live with harmony and spirituality. This is done through community-based learning whereby the societys beliefs and practices are the strongholds in learning. Thus, individuals are empowered giving the best reasoning they can offer. Through education, people intend to learn more about their culture and of others. However, there is the point whereby culture is ruined through the introduction of modern language. People need to practice their indigenous culture to learn it. By communicating through the native language, the community can understand the essence and importance of their culture. There has to be the presence of consistent terms and legislation at the time when the beliefs and practices of aboriginal ideas in classes. Understanding ones culture requires one to live it. This means that this will bring a clear understanding of people’s current, previous, and future situations. This means that education is a

Trust & equity law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trust & equity law - Essay Example According to the court in this case â€Å"Charity in its legal sense comprises four principal divisions: trusts for the relief of poverty, trust for the advancement of education, trusts for the advancement of religion, and trusts for other purposes beneficial to the community, not falling under any of the preceding heads."4 Later on, these four principal divisions mentioned in the case together with some other provisions were incorporated in the Charities Act of 1992 and 1993. However, the definition given under the law was not clear enough so as to clearly elucidate on the issue of which organizations should be considered as charities. The case of McGovern v Attorney General (1982)5 illustrated the difficulties of obtaining charitable status. Note that in this case, the Amnesty International seek establish a charitable trust which is geared towards securing the release of prisoners, abolish the practices of torture and other dehumanizing acts as well as to do some research in the a reas of human rights protection and maintenance.6 Unfortunately, in this case, the charitable trust was not recognized by law as valid not because the goal was not a noble one but rather because the goals set by Amnesty International was not entirely charitable as it also includes some political motives such as the changing of policies in some countries which are in violation of human rights. On the other hand, in the earlier decision on the case of Re South Place Ethical Society (1980)7, the Court considered the charitable trust as valid not on the ground that the South Place Ethical Society â€Å"seeks the advancement of religion†8 but because it can be classified as an educational institution. This decision gives us an idea on how one could go around the provisions of the Charities Act 1993 and take advantage of the benefits accorded to charities. The enactment of the Charities Act 2006 heralded

Introduction to Cultural and Cross-Cultural Studies Assignment

Introduction to Cultural and Cross-Cultural Studies - Assignment Example According to the article, canning is not aimed at inflicting pain to the offenders, but to put a public shame on the offenders. This does not portray respect to the citizens neither does it put into consideration other people’s confidentiality. According to the article, all women should cover their heads while no woman should work in a public office with the absence of her husband. According to my feeling, this act does not consider the rights of women neither does it value other dominions within the country. The Muslim culture emphasized in this article does not bring unity but is comprised of much discrimination and ignorance of people’s rights. Islam is a dominant religion in Indonesia. There are several factors that impacted the evolution of the Muslim culture in Indonesia over the years. The introduction of technology during the three decades of Mr. Suharto’s rule has had much impact on the evolution of the culture. Since then, there have been much editing and strong media which allowed information to spread across the archipelago. The Islamic values and their expressions of faith are no longer confined in to the mosque or within religious events (Salim, 2003). All these can be seen in movies and preached through the radios. People from all over the country are reached with information about the Muslim culture while information about any policies introduced can be communicated in an efficient way. There was much transformation on the nature of Islam in the country impacted by the Asian Tsunami. It heightened the international awareness of Indonesia’s indigenous people. According to their belief, many indigenous groups survived the tsunami because their traditional lore prepared them to deal with natural disasters. This disaster survived to strengthen the faith of the people in Indonesia. On the other hand, the bush

Managing a community Essay Example for Free

Managing a community Essay Managing a community and giving out rules for the people was a tough job which needs some magical efforts and broad horizons on things. Having set a different principle will magnify the weight of the intentions of the leader as regards to his platforms for the community. Being guided by such will also lead him to boost his eagerness to push what he perceived for the community. Taking into account my interview with Mr. Jorge Jasso,it gives me some overview on how to put truly the heart in what we do. Our craft doesn’t limit in its exemplification but creating an inner self within your intention in the execution of your projects – like that of Mr. Jasso who manages to incorporate his intellectual, emotional, moral, social, and physical development to his projects for the community. This instance is tantamount giving out his whole heart in dealing with his people and everything that surrounds his environment. A strengthen philosophy in life was deeply felt with my interview. Ethical behaviour was indeed an element for Mr. Jasso as he gives out his norms in dealing with his school site decisions, â€Å"Ethics is defined as the code of moral principles which sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong, in ones conduct. Ethics provides principles to guide behaviour and help people make moral choices among alternative courses of action. Ethical behaviour is that which is accepted as good and right as opposed to bad or wrong, in the context of the governing moral code† (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 32). Mr. Jasso’s attitude was considerably ethical as he doesn’t limit his rules to what he wanted to execute but negating with people towards their insights and reflections towards the given policy. People’s opinion truly matter as one make laws for the reason that, above all, laws are for the common good. Making decisions and planning process was the eye of every project. It is imperative to promote an established decisions and plan for progress, upon making things in an ideal way you will definitely achieved the desired output. Having a set of criteria will implore a manageable system as well which will inspire the people in the community to cooperate and be part of the desired progress. â€Å"Decision-making process involves asset of activities that begins with identification of a problem, includes making a decision, and ends with the evaluation of results† (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 166), knowing the environ was synonymous to distinguishing what needs to be enhance to make the community a better one – and in the case of Mr. Jasso’s nature, knowing what the school members urges to uplift. Planning is the focal element any given project, and in lieu of which, an outcome was expected. Anything which has been perceived by the leader was expected to implement efficiently, and that the purpose should be fully served most especially for the people involved in the project. An outcome should be fully defined and in doing such, planning is given a colossal attention. â€Å"Planning creates a solid platform for the other management function – organizing, allocating and arranging resources to accomplish tasks, leading guiding efforts of human resources to ensure high level of task accomplishment, and controlling monitoring task accomplishments and taking necessary corrective actions† (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 184), having a set of directions was imperative for any given project and a leader should possess everything that it takes to be creative and outgoing with his established principles and ideals within the genre of his platforms – as that of Mr. Jasso. Guided with decision making and magnificent planning, strategy should also be a priority in magnifying a certain policy. â€Å"Strategy is a comprehensive action plan that identifies the long-term direction for an organization and guides resource utilization to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and importantly, a strategy provides the plan for allocating and using resources with consistent strategic intent† (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 207), it’s a good note how Mr. Jasso brought up the importance of training for its members in the community. This is a good intention on building rapport with the people as it creates a sense of connection. Indeed, this is a good strategy to make possible all the platforms that has been exemplify. Above all, organizational innovation and change should be at hand in dealing with everything you set as a goal. It is a good point how Mr. Jasso perceived changes in the system along with the proper procedures of executing his projects for the community, specifically in the school priority projects. Innovations in dealing with your set of projects will enable a person to modify his ideals for the better improvement of his project for the community, â€Å"Creativity is the generation of a novel idea or unique approach to solving problems or crafting opportunities† (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 293). In dealing with your principles and upon identifying your goals, you have to scrutiny your intention and give verdict to your standards. Being an icon would enable you inspire your people to follow your rules and for them to contribute as well. Mr. Jasso became an icon to everyone and mostly to youth to follow some rules. Being a leader is a remarkable job and it entails some nerve to set out rules, â€Å"leadership is the process of inspiring others to work hard to accomplish important tasks† (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 320). To become a leader you’ll have a grip to power, and such will enable you to drive people to follow any given law, â€Å"power is the ability to get someone else to do something you want done, it is the ability to make things happen the way you want them to† (Schermerhorn, 2008 p. 321). The interview that I’ve done with Mr. Jasso truly embeds a sense of responsibility for the people. The dedication towards a certain crafts goes hand in hand with the way you perceive things. An end goal is essential for any given project for this will enable the leader and the people behind to look forward on things that will deliver a change to their system and that will proliferate their community. References: Dr. John R. Schermerhorn, Jr. , Management, John Willy Sons, Inc. 2008.

Effects Of Globalisation The Algerian Case Media Essay

Effects Of Globalisation The Algerian Case Media Essay Globalisation is a phenomenon which describes the integration of regional and international communities through societies, economies and culture as an ongoing process through global networks of trade and communication. It is driven by various combined factors which include biological, technological, political and socio-cultural factors. Globalisation promotes circulation of languages, acculturation and ideas in the different countries. Culture has its own qualities but can be dynamic. Humans are all different and have different characters in their different societies. Culture is learned and through absorption from the social environment. It is never static and is always transforming. Culture is an incessant process that is gradual to change and influence. It does not change abruptly or suddenly, but a process which gives a community a sense of continuity, identity, security, dignity and keeps the society together. The effect of globalisation on culture has been diverse and immense. P eoples cultural behaviours have been affected in various ways. Globalisation demands countries to pursue common economic policies regardless of their development or economic nature. It in addition demands that countries open up of their boundaries to trans-national corporations in an indiscriminate manner. This has been the major gateway for globalisation affecting many nations in broad ways especially developing countries. Classic examples include India in Asia and the African continent. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of globalisation in developing countries focusing on Algeria, perception and the measures or programs employed by these countries to protect their national culture from the effects of globalisation. Culture is the identity of countries and communities and it is being continuously threatened by globalisation. Furthermore, this research is expected to be expanding on the issue of globalisation from exclusively economic definitions to more of h umanistic cultural approaches to globalisation. INTRODUCTION: George Bernard SHAW is known for saying Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything. Globalisation spread will definitely carry changes to the parts of world it attains. Does it mean that traditional norms and values will be abolished? Definitely not, but change is an indispensable ingredient of life. Todays communication and new technologies such as new global media (Internet amongst others), have demonstrated an influential means of projecting long-established culture. The fact that US cultural merchandises are unbeaten reflects that American cultural exports are influential and strong. It also reflects that the US economy is successful all over the world. Generally speaking globalisation, which has greatly affected local culture, does mean some integration of culture. The positive aspects are that there is a widen information, cultural exchange and all this can lead to a worldwide cultural growth. However, there is also another aspect of global culture: a lot of people see globalisation of culture as a new way of a cultural Americanisation. A report emanated from the UNESCO in 2005 showed that the worlds cultural trade has been estimated at 1.3 trillion dollars and is rapidly expanding. According to the report, international trade in cultural products increased from 38 billion Dollars in 1994 to attain 60 billions Dollars in 2002. The report examines cross-border trade on selected media products. In the only year of 2002 United States, China and the United Kingdom, produced 40 % of the worlds cultural trade products in 2002, while Africa and Latin America together produced for less than 4 %. (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2010) Anglo-Saxons products were overriding at the core of the entertainment industry (music, film and television). Because rules of the WTO (World Trade Organization) do not allow countries which ban cultural imports, one of the globalisation effects will be the end of cultural diversity. We are driving towards a world in which the verb to have is becoming by far more important that the verb to be. (Akulenko, 2008) According to Scholte this point of view stresses that: Globalisation introduces a single world culture centred on consumerism, mass media, Americana and the English language. (Scholte, 2000, p 53) In addition of being helpful for businesses and technologies globalisation has greatly impacted the world by helping cultures spread all over the globe. While this can be thought as a reality, there still remains difference of opinion about whether cultural globalisation will be advantageous for everyone. According to Bhargava, (2003), some people consider that globalisation will boost the opportunity for the great nations to take advantage of the economic weaknesses of the developing countries as well as to reduce the cultural diversity and make it a global-culture, while some others argue that it does have the possibility to create opportunities for growth all over the world. However, there are people who say that globalisation is anything else but the westernisation of the world. Some are afraid to lose their values or that their language disappears and they feel threatened by the influence exerted by other cultures in their country. Even though some people consider that this phen omenon may be dangerous for their culture, some others perceived globalisation as an amazing opportunity rather than a threat. Although we are not attentive to it, globalisation which is a very fascinating event, had affected everyones existence. From the Chinese sewing needle to the Brazilian coffee, we are encircled by merchandise from all over the world. Thus, it is definitely an issue which concerned everyone. For that, it must have an effect on the way people think, on their norms and values, and accordingly on their Cultural Identity which I am going to look at. Taking into account such a fascinating event, I would be interested to find out if this phenomenon had an impact on national culture and whether this fundamental value must be protected from globalisation effects. I will propose to investigate the effects of globalisation on developing countries and whether this influence is harmless or damaging national culture. In addition to that, my project will focus on why some Multinational Corporations find it difficult to invest in Arabic countries markets especially Islamic ones. Multinational Corporations which want to invest in foreign countries must learn a lot from Schein (1992) who emphasises the importance to carry out a cultural analysis in order to implement a successful and effective management which can transcend the national and ethnic borders. He also argues that this analysis represents a key factor of success for the leaders. RESEARCH QUESTION: The main research question is Does the national culture have to be protected from the effects of globalisation? A focus on Algeria, to ensure that the research question is fully-covered the sub questions below will be used: Are Algerians (or Muslims) obliged to abandon their traditions and dump their cultural values, norms beliefs to take part in the cultural globalisation? Is the relation between cultural globalisation and westernization strong enough and permanently established so that everyone have to accept western cultural invasion if they want to flourish? Is it possible for Arabs Muslims to protect their cultural identity in the rise of too much American culture influence? Is cultural globalisation a means of hegemony of the western over the developing countries and their cultural values? Can globalisation be seen as positive or negative for the Developing countries Culture traditions? RESEARCH ISSUE: In the Western World, Globalisation is often seen as having only positive effects on the national culture of developing countries. However, after analysis these benefits brought to countries of the third world have been frequently reconsidered. Therefore our intention is to focus on how Algerian cultural identity has been affected by colonisation first and then globalisation. We will look at both how globalisation has impacted Algerian cultural life? why the young generation have dumped their traditions, left their norms and beliefs and given up their social values? RESEARCH PURPOSE: The purpose of our research is to accomplish a study through which we will show that globalisation has had both positive negative effects on culture but only negative impacts on Arabic/Islamic culture. This papers objective is to highlight the nature of the clash between Algerian Islamic identity and cultural globalisation, a Western concept in its nature, and heavily sponsored by Western ideologists and politicians as being the New World Order. LIMITATION: While culture and globalisation are two different fields of study in their own, this paper attempts to show the connections between them, the effects of globalisation on culture and whether globalisation affects national culture positively, negatively or not at all. However, this is a less-travelled path, and to be sure, the quantity of books published on the only link between them is quite modest. METHODOLOGY: The focal point of this chapter will be on elucidating the general approaches of the research, data collection and data analysis. This will be followed by explaining the methods chosen as well as critical evaluation of resources the research method limitation. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH (Research Approach): The success of any study is determined by the nature of approaches that are adopted in the research. The research approach used in all studies is mainly guided by the nature of the issue and set hypotheses. Globalisation is an ongoing process for which secondary data will be the main sources used in the study. The rationale in the consideration of this design is therefore availability of data. DATA COLLECTION: Data collection will play a significant role to guarantee the exactness of the gathered information related to the subject. With the aid of the broad search interface offered by electronic databases, researcher will look for articles in the area of the research using the title of the thesis as being the key words. Another central consideration is that the sources used to collect data should all be recent and must have complete referencing details. RESEARCH DESIGN: Once the research objectives and questions have been determined the next issue I will face involves deciding which source of information will answer these questions. Data, or source, is referred to as either secondary or primary. According to Kolbs Marketing Research for Non-Profit, Community and Creative Organizations (2008), Bryman Bell (2007), Swanson Holton (1997) in Human Resource Development Research Handbook: Linking Research Practice and Andersons Research Methods in HRM (2004), data can be collected from two different ways, primary and secondary data. While primary data is all about information that is collected directly from research contributors, the other source of data, which is the result of research conducted previously, is secondary data. Information of secondary data has already been gathered through either qualitative or quantitative studies by other individuals, companies/organizations or government departments. Qualitative secondary data is also obtainable through different sources such as textbooks, articles, journals and online sources such as websites and blogs. There are some disadvantages using qualitative secondary data. Firstly, the data were not initially designed and collected to answer my specific research questions, thus its answers may not exactly fit my research questions. Secondly, I may have less control over how the data were collected. And finally there may be biases in the data that I dont know about. However, since the data are already collected, and frequently cleaned, using such a data is very beneficial because it includes lowering the costs of the research, finding information which helps in the design of the research methodology and savings of time. The secondary data can be reached rapidly and usually of extremely high quality. Another major advantage of using secondary data is the breadth of availability of data. Therefore, my methodology for this dissertation is going to be using qualitative secondary data through Annotated Literature Review. Within this annotated literature review I wont be merely summarizing the source but assessing and reflecting by asking how the source would fit into my research as well. During the last 2 months, I have been reading a large number of articles, journals, selecting documents obtainable online and textbooks each of which related to my subject. Academic websites like Emerald, InderScience Publishers, Sage, CIPD, Genamics Journal Seek, Athens, Mintel, JSTOR, Oxford Journals, Academic One File and Science Direct, which give further information, will be used to collect secondary data. To analyse the impact of globalisation on Algerian culture inductive approach is chosen because it is based on todays study and results from present analysis. Through my approach I will try to find common definitions of both globalisation and culture and the link between them in order to enable me to design hypotheses, which I can then look at and develop some general conclusions by interpreting them. My research will be essentially qualitative since I will try to progress in the reflection on whether the national culture must be protected against the globalisation. DATA ANALYSIS: Analysing the collected data is very essential for arriving at any conclusion. For the qualitative data analysis I will be using constant comparison/grounded theory technique. Coding in qualitative data analysis will be in constant state of potential revision and fluidity (Bryman Bell, 2007, p: 586). These will give best result and proof for my research. To achieve the final aim of my project, focus will be on the secondary sources of information and collection of data will be from some of the abundance online sources as well as printed documents. These sources of information will be in diverse forms such as journals, publications, press reports, books and annual reports of Algerian companies. Internet is a valuable source, it will help the researcher to have up to date information on globalisation and its effect on developing countries. In order to give a better perception to my research and to improve the exactness of my judgment, my methodology of collecting data will be using secondary data collection. Due to differences between national cultures as well as different perceptions of globalisation and its effect on culture among schools of thought, the sample for this study will be difficult to find. Since my research is essentially more qualitative, the specific hypothesis about effects of globalisation on national culture that I have in mind can change as the research progress because qualitative research brings in depth analysis to an argument based on individual case studies. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF RESOURCES: As it is mentioned above my research will be exclusively secondary data-based which can be considered as a limitation in its nature. Regarding electronic sources such as internet, because of their great abundance and their different purposes dedications it is easier said than done to judge their validity. LIMITATION: According to Bryman Bell (2007), there are some disadvantages using qualitative secondary data. Firstly, the data were not initially designed and collected to answer my specific research questions and researcher is less flexible for designing data collection in a way that is extremely related to the subject. Secondly, I may have less control over how the data were collected. And finally there may be biases in the data that I dont know about.

Settlers Effect On The Plains Indians History Essay

Settlers Effect On The Plains Indians History Essay The new railroads in the West occasioned by the Civil War opened up the area to economic development and new settlers. American settlers from the East entered via the Mississippi to ranch farm and mine. Native American settlers also poured from Deep South after being convinced that prosperity was only found in the West. Chinese workers constructing the railroads worsened diversity of the population in this region. The Great Plains underwent transformation because of settlers from the east. Farmers cultivated wheat and other crops on their lands and wiped out herds of American bison. The industry of cattle blossomed as the railroads provided a means of transport to market the cattle (Josephy 32). The lives of African-Americans residing in the west were drastically affected by the increase in white settlement and disappearing of bison. Civil conflicts led to occasional victories by the American Indians despite great US military force and the large number of white settlers. By mid 1980s, over 50% of American Indians had been pushed into reservation areas that least appealed to the white settlers. Because of the civil war, there was a huge traffic of people entering the West Mississippi. These people originated from Midwest and East as well as Asia and Europe. Millions of people had been lured by the promise of riches from gold mines, cheap lands and the imagination of a better living style. The new railroads offered a new means of transportation for the settlers while some of them sailed in order to arrive to the west coast. They settled on the Great Basin, Great Plains, and South West, enduring disillusionment, danger, and hardship. By 20th Century, the white settlers had acquired new homesteads, industries, and communities. Some of them became greatly successful although most of the settlers did not succeed in achieving the wealth they desired (Trigger and Wilcomb 22). Since the arrival of the white settlers, there was a misunderstanding between them and the Indians. For example, non-Indians did not recognize the religious practices of the native tribes, which include worshiping of animal and plant spirits. In addition, the Plain Indians believed in a complicated system of Kinship based on extended families: the settlers could not comprehend this. Such cultural differences made the white settlers view native people as barriers too civilization (Smith and Allen 47). As the Americans organized new states and territories in the West, it gave a clear indication that Native Americans were prohibited from roaming over the land occupied by non-natives. The US policy aimed at establishing small pieces of land for different tribes and motivated them to practice agriculture. While some tribes peacefully settled on the reservations, most of them were resistant and did not give up their way of life and their lands (Philip 18). Losing the bison on the Great Plains was a huge threat to the survival of Indians than the battle with the US army. The American Indians relied on the bison as a source of fuel, shelter, clothing, and food. Although the destruction of the bison was not under the federal policy, the practice was approved by army commanders as a way of destroying key aspects of the Indian life. Besides, hunters were hired along the railroads killing wildlife animals whilst providing food to the workers of the transcontinental lines. After the completion of the railroads, the settlers used chartered cars to shoot the bison. As of 1975, they had killed millions of bison, which provided material for hides in the East. After a decade, the bison species became extinct. This situation was worsened because they had abandoned their nomadic lifestyle. As a result, the Indians had no option but to accept living on the reservations (McNickle 52). The system of reserving Indians on small pieces of land did not succeed. Most of the families were reserved on marginal lands that made it impossible for them to develop farming practices that could sustain them. The government could not fulfill its promise of supplying them with food and other needs. This made the government abandon its hard held policy of viewing the tribes as sovereign states. The purpose of the new land was to promote farming among the native tribes through breaking the reservations (American Journey 547). The policy allowed the land to be distributed per each household. After the distribution, citizenship and title of ownership was given to each owner. However, this was not done to all the members of the native tribes. The reserved land that had not been allocated to the native Americans were sold to interested people. Although this was a humanitarian reform, the US policy did not recognize the communal lifestyle of Native Americans: this led to the loss of mill ions of acres of land belonging to the Indians (Smith and Allen 39). The Plains Indian tribes were desperate and had an urge to restore their past; they were attracted to the Ghost Dance: a religious group. This movement had promised them that it would protect them from the white settlers, and the bullets of the American soldiers. It had also promised to bring the herds of Bison back. Efforts of reviving cultural practices of the Native Americans raised concerns among the US army and the settlers. This is because they were worried that it would increase the Indian resistance. When the US army failed to ban the Ghost Dance Movement, they adopted methods that are more aggressive. As of 1980, the US military had killed over 300 children, women, and men. This led a confrontation that marked of Plains Indian resistance (Trigger and Wilcomb 30). In the beginning of 19th Century, the American government decided that it would use treaties to solve the conflict between non-Indian settlers and the Plains Indian tribes. These treaties were meant to restrict the Native American tribes from moving to certain regions. Later, the federal government established a permanent frontier where displaced eastern tribes could live. In 1854, the US government reserved a vast region for the settlers (McNickle 72). Plains Indians were reserved and pressurized to embrace change. They deployed new resistant strategies but did not succeed. The Great Plains underwent transformation because of settlers from the east. Farmers cultivated wheat and other crops on their lands and wiped out herds of American bison. The cattle industry blossomed because the railroads provided a means of transport to market the cattle. However, they have demonstrated their skills in adapting to change and hardship while using the most available opportunity. They have worked for wages, traded, hunted, protested, lobbied, prayed, danced, made war, ranched and farmed. Using their adaptive approaches, the Plains Indians have maintained themselves as unique population despite the challenges (Smith and Allen 20). Work Cited Josephy, Alvin. America in 1492: The World of the Indian People before the Arrival of Columbus. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2002. History Reference Center. McNickle, DArcy. Native American Tribalism: Indian Survivals and Renewals. London: Oxford University Press, 2003 JSTOR. Philip, Kenneth. John Colliers Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1954. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007 Print. Smith, Paul, and Allen Robert. Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. 2006 New York Times Historical Database. Trigger, Bruce and Wilcomb Washburn, eds. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 Print. The American Journey. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2011. Print.

The Culture Behind The Roman Empire, 43-306 C.E. Essay -- The Roman Em

The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the Roman Empire and the culture within that civilization from 43-306 C.E. Centrally located in the Mediterranean lies Italy, one of the three great peninsulas that can be seen from the south of Europe. The Roman Empire and its civilization has always been one to be admired by people and leaders all around the world. When the thought of this illustrious empire comes to an individual’s mind, one might assume that they may think of the great Julius Caesar and his tragic death, Marc Antony and Cleopatra, or even the great philosophers that flourished during this time. Thousands of years later the romans are still being praised for their advances in the sciences, philosophy, and government. After the death of Julius Caesar there was only one individual who was capable of stepping up to power, taking over the empire, and leading his people to greatness. The individual was the grandnephew of Julius Caesar, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus â€Å"Octavian†. When Octavian went on to defeat Marc Antony and Cleopatra he was left as the all-power ruler and accepted the name Augustus Caesar. Augustus went on to rule for forty-one year, this was called the Paz Romona. Paz Romona (Roman Peace) was a known to be a time where the roman economy and government were very stable within its state. Their commercial and manufacturing activity also flourished during this time as well. Trade routes inside the Mediterranean and the countries outside of it such as: Arabia, India, and China were reopened and secured. Just like Julius Caesar the people loved Augustus and he was an excellent leader. Augustus wanted his empire to prosper and he made incredible strides to enable the safety of his empire. This Emperor was... ...y of this land and turning it in to a cultural powerhouse of that time. Hundreds of years later people are still marveling over the great Roman Empire and giving them credit for a lot of the accomplishments we have made today. Work Cited Page Blury, John Bagnell. History of the Later Roman Empire from the Death of Theodosius I. to the Death of Justinian (A.D. 395 to A.D. 565). London: Macmillan and Co., 1923. Cassar, George H., Richard D. Goff, James P. Holoka, Janice J. Terry, and Jiu-Hwa L. Upshur. World History. 5th. Boston: Wadsworth, 2005. Print. Glover, Terrot Reaveley.The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960. Holmes, Rice Thomas.The Architect of the Roman Empire. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1928-31. Ivanovitch, Michael.The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.

Juvenile Criminals Should Not Be Tried as Adults :: Juvenile Crime Jail Prison Essays

Juvenile Criminals Should Not Be Tried as Adults Today?s court system is left with many difficult decisions. One of the most controversial being whether to try juveniles as adults or not. With the number of children in adult prisons and jails rising rapidly, questions are being asked as to why children have been committing such heinous crimes and how will they be stopped. The fact of the matter is that it is not always the children's fault for their poor choices and actions; they are merely a victim of their environment or their parents. Another question asked is how young is too young. Children who are too young to see an R rated film unaccompanied are being sent to adult prisons. The only boundaries that seem to matter when it comes to being an adult are laws that restrain kids from things such as alcohol, pornography, and other materials seen as unethical. Children that are sent to adult prison are going to be subjected to even more unprincipled ideas and scenes. When children can be sent to jail for something as minor as a smas h and grab burglary, the judicial system has errors. The laws that send juveniles to adult prisons are inhumane, immoral, and unjust. Kids are often incompetent, which leads to unfair trials. Adult prisons are also very dangerous for minors, and in many cases this leads to more juvenile crimes. People support sending juveniles to adult prisons for many reasons. One reason is that it is the job of the courts to help protect society. Once a troubled juvenile is sent to an adult prison, they are out of the way of society. Hopefully when they re-enter, the punishments they received will be imprinted in their brain and stop them from performing any wrong again. Another reason people think that disturbed youth cannot be saved is that punishment will not save them from themselves and they just need to be locked up forever. It is thought to be true that juveniles who are sent to jail will not commit the same crime again or even any crimes at all. All the reasons and opinions that say that juveniles should be sent to adult prisons for their heinous crimes seem logical. Despite this, they are not. There are more rational reasons why adolescents should be sent to their own private penitentiary. One of the reasons for sending juveniles to a separate prison than

Brontes Jane Eyre Essay: Importance of Nature Imagery -- Jane Eyre Es

Importance of Nature Imagery in Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Bronte makes extensive use of nature imagery in her novel, Jane Eyre, commenting on both the human relationship with the outdoors and with human nature. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines "nature" as "1. the phenomena of the physical world as a whole . . . 2. a thing's essential qualities; a person's or animal's innate character . . . 4. vital force, functions, or needs." Bronte speaks to each of these definitions throughout Jane Eyre. Several natural themes run throughout the novel, one of which is the image of a stormy sea. After Jane saves Rochester's life, she gives the following metaphor of their relationship: Till morning dawned I was tossed on a buoyant but unquiet sea . . . I thought sometimes I saw beyond its wild waters a shore . . . now and then a freshening gale, wakened by hope, bore my spirit triumphantly towards the bourne: but . . . a counteracting breeze blew off land, and continually drove me back.    The gale represents all the forces that prevent Jane's union with Rochester. Later, Brontà « conjures up the image of a buoyant sea when Rochester says of Jane: "Your habitual expression in those days, Jane, was . . . not buoyant." In fact, it is this buoyancy of Jane's relationship with Rochester that keeps Jane afloat at her time of crisis in the heath: "Why do I struggle to retain a valueless life? Because I know, or believe, Mr. Rochester is living." Another recurrent image is Brontà «'s treatment of Birds. We first witness Jane's fascination with them as she reads Bewick's History of British Birds as a child. She reads of "death-white realms" and "'the solitary rocks and promontories'" of sea-fowl. We quickly see how Jane ide... ...illiam Hurt, Charlotte Gainsborough, and Anna Paquin. 1996    Jane Eyre. Dir. Julian Aymes. Perf. Timothy Dalton, Zelah Clarke. 1983    Kadish, Doris. The Literature of Images: Narrative Landscape from Julie to Jane Eyre. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986.    Linder, Cynthia A. Romantic Imagery in the Novels of Charlotte Bronte. London: MacMillan, 1978.    McLaughlin, M.B. "Past or Future Mindscapes: Pictures in Jane Eyre." Victorian Newsletter 41 (1972): 22-24.    Peters, Joan D. â€Å"Finding a Voice: Towards a Woman’s Discourse in Dialogue in the Narration of Jane Eyre.† Studies in the Novel. 23 no 2. (1991): 217-36. Zonana, Joyce. â€Å"The Sultan and the Slave: Feminist Orientalism and the Structure of Jane Eyre.† Signs. 18 no 3. (1993): 592-617   Ã‚  Comments ***VERY WELL WRITTEN PAPER......WHAT ABOUT CITING THE QUOTES USED FROM THE TEXT?***

PESTLE analysis Essay

PESTLE analysis, which is virtuallytimes referred as PEST analysis, is a concept in marketing principles. Moreover, this concept is used as a beak by companies to lede the surroundings theyre operating in or argon planning to project a new project/ harvest-tide/service etc.PESTLE is a mnemonic which in its expanded form de nones P for Political, E for Economic, S for Social, T for technological, L for lawful and E for Environmental. It gives a birds eye view of the whole environment from mevery different angles that one wants to see to it and keep a track of piece of music contemplating on a certain psyche/plan.Political and statutory elementsPolitical and legitimate factors are here regarded as a unit. They refer to role model given by politics. The exist regulatory or legal frameworks, which lavatory be binding for regions, nations or on an inter case cornerstone. The frameworks deal with economic issues or issues concerning the labour market.Subsidies for instance declivity in the category of economical issues. agree to the degree of support through subsidies, a boorish dope be more(prenominal)(prenominal) or slight attractive for a company. With respect to the labour law of a country, it jackpot highly influence perspective decisions, too. If e.g. the dismissal protection in a country is very good, a strong may tend to choose a country with a more ductile hire-and-fire-system.Furthermore, political environment can mictu range a significant influence on business make-upes, political factors affect consumer confidence and consumer and business spending. For instance, how stable is the political environment? This is in particular important for companies accounting entry new markets. judicature policies on regulation and taxation can vary from state to state and across national boundaries. Political considerations also continue trade treaties, such as NAFTA, ASEAN, and EU. such treaties tend to favor trade among the partic le countries but impose penalties or less favorable trade terms on nonmembers.Economical factorsEconomical factors deal with national or international economical developments and fix a direct influence on supplier and consumer markets. Examples of economical factors that play a big role are the GDP, the rate of inflation, interests, the change rate, employment or the spatial relation of money markets. These economical factors influence demand, arguingintensity, cost pressure and the will to invest. For instance, if the rough domestic product of a country is fairly low, the demand is in cosmopolitan lower than in countries with a high GDP.Social factorsSocial factors deal with tender issues regarding the values, ideas, opinions and the culture of market participants. Market participants can be employees, customers or suppliers. Through their accomplish with the company, they influence it due to their opinions. The company postulate to follow the market participants change of value and adapt its strategies. Nowadays, a change of values concerning environmental protection is on the move.Technological environmental factorsTechnological environmental factors are meanwhile of a great importance, especi altogethery for industrial companies, which underlie a fast technological change. The change magnitude speed of technological changes, like in microelectronics or robotics can either demonstrate risks or chances for a company. Particularly producing companies are affected of that fast evolution.Environmental factorsAt last, environmental factors are becoming more and more important nowadays. They regard inseparable resources and the basis of human life. Among those, the accessibility of fresh materials and energy is the main topic. As the availability of fossil fuels, like oil or coal, gets worse within the next decades, the settlement on those fuels stays pretty risky. Moreover, to institute an bionomical responsibility, companies should assess and r educe their ecological damage. Through rare raw materials and increase pollution, an environmentally friendly management gets spotlighted more and more by the public interest.Consequently, eco-friendly products or technologies can even signify a competitive advantage.To maximise on the realize of PESTEL it should be used on a regular basis within an organisation to alter identification of any changes in trends. The impact of any external factor may have more skanky impact on any piece or department but, PESTEL will enable clarification why change is undeniable and identify potential solutions. As with all techniques thereadvantages and disadvantages when ever using it.PASTEL includes some of these advatagesprovides easy and simple to use framework for your analysis, helps to treduce threats and impacts of potential treats to your organisation.And also helps you to asses the level of implications of entering a new market twain globally and nationaly. However it is also associat ed with the quest disadvantages as users can over simplfy selective information used in decision qualification in an organisation, assumptions often form the basis for most of the data used, making any decision made based on such data subjective. Users must not also succumb to paralysis by analysis where they gather too more information and forget that the objective of this tool is the identification of issues so that action can be taken.

The novel Jekyll and Hyde

Written in the 1880s by famous British author Robert Louis Stephenson, the new(a) Jekyll and Hyde is about i man with divisible personalities. Jekyll and Hyde, although are portrayed to be two very different characters altogether together, are in position the same man, wanting to fulfil certain reprehensible pleasures whilst steady organism a strong reckon fellow member of society. However both of these desires cannot be overcome without a magic potion created by Dr Jekyll, used to transform himself into the ghastly feeling and somewhat mephistophelian being, cognise in this book as Hyde his reversal half.In the late 1800s thither were a a few(prenominal) ideas and theories arising which could be what inspired Stephenson to write such(prenominal)(prenominal) an odd and evoke book. The significant developments in ideas which could be associated with this story are Charles Darwins possible action of evolution and Sigmund Freuds psychological theories on divisible personalities, which came around at the time of Stephenson paper this book.These could be linked to how Hyde is from an era where there was no such thing as morality, Hyde can to a fault link to Freuds id ( living prick instinct), ego (what controls us in order to come by others approval) and superego (sense of self), in this dash Jekylls id takes over. Stephenson could as tumefy be proving a point about the syndicate system at that time in the UK as there was a large(p) class division, where as Jekyll has a rich, well off posh lifestyle and Hyde is a character who is crude and appears to be of a lower class, not at all respected in the society in which he lives.The offshoot example of Stephenson portray Hyde as being evil comes mid bearing though the freshman chapter where he is first described as a inadequate man stumping along. Already he is portrayed to have an ugly controvert appearance, and his physical descriptions are one of the briny ship canal which Stephe nson describes Hyde overall. Next he is signaln to knap over a small peasant in the street, and one may enter this was an accident, and it most likely was, so far when Hyde shows no affection to the girl he vertical knocked over, and literally tramples over her, the hearing knows he is a bad character.Mr Enfield (a friend of the lawyer Mr Utterson) after seeing this describes the incident as hellish and Hyde as a satanic juggernaut, which relates Hyde to becoming violent as the Indian God of war known as Jaggernafth. Here he is too compared to Satan, which refers him to evil and again. Another way in which Stephenson portrays Hyde to be evil is through his physical descriptions, however there is a vagueness of his facial descriptions due to the fact other people find him indescribably ugly.In chapter 8 he is said by Poole (Jekylls notwithstandingler) to have a mask upon his face up as such an appearance is in any case inhuman and unnatural to be that of a normal man. to a fault in that chapter Hyde is ordinarily referred to as it quite than him which suggest he has a lack of humanity. He is overly called a creature and described as having a dismal screech, as of untarnished animal terror. This creates a sense of animal imagery, which is one of the ways that Stephenson portrays Hyde as being evil.Hydes clothes are described to be far too big, and that is because they are the shoot same clothes worn by Dr Jekyll. This therefore shows that Jekyll is considerably taller than Hyde, and Stephenson here could be facial expression that not only does Jekyll shade Hyde in a physical sense, hardly in like manner in the sense that the rock-steady in Jekyll is much greater than the evil in Jekyll. Dr Jekyll is a rather enkindle character who wants and respects his well(p) reputation, and still craves some of lifes somewhat far-out pleasures.Should we question if Jekyll is as morally in force(p) as people, such as his approximate friends count he is, or if he is simply a scientist with urges to fulfil? In chapter ten Jekyll describes his duplicity and he also describes his first feelings of his new life as Hyde. After the racking pangs of the initial transformations, Jekyll describes himself as feeling indescribably new and improbably sweet. He feels younger, lighter happier in body and he also talks about the freedom of his soul, what is also interesting is how he felt wicked yet delighted.This is the first point in which the audience know Jekyll and Hyde are in fact one, but also that Jekyll enjoys his transformation from right(a) to evil. This idea of Jekyll enjoying his transformation suggests that maybe Jekyll is rattling not so morally good. Also Jekyll describing his dual nature and saying I concealed my pleasures also go to show maybe Jekyll isnt the most morally good character which goes beside other character opinions on him such as Dr Lanyons He began to go wrong in the mind. He does however get more pleas ing and cocksure descriptions at the start of the story, where Mr Utterson compliments him, saying he is a well-made, smooth confront man who throws pleasant dinners and whos personality was one of sincerity. As well as himself, his mansion is described as comfortable & warm up by Utterson which could reflect Dr Jekyll as a person. On top of this, the denotations F. R. S. are future(a) to his name, which stand for Fellow of the Royal Society, and to be in such a super respected club portrays Jekyll as a man with a much regard reputation and a man of extravagantly intellect. These qualities of Jekyll alongside others like his nature to fabrication and high head that when put against his minacious secrets and new good feelings after his first transformation, show that Jekyll is generally good but is only human so he will have his secrets, which as enigmatical as they may be, show that he is not evil, but nobodies perfect?From adaptation this book, it is clear to see that St ephenson uses several ways to show the true personalities of Jekyll and Hyde. The first way in which Hyde is depicted to be evil is through the descriptions of his actions, in Chapter one he is described to be stumping along and this creates a sense of negativity rather than just walking. The violence and severity of the verbs Stephenson uses also contribute to the portrayal of Hydes evil nature.He also uses animal imagery such as ape-like fury which compares him to an animal, a creature with no morals, and of a lower class. past there is Jekyll, who Stephenson portrays to be the complete opposite of Hyde, and does this by talking about his countenance background, good stature and good looks, and also gives him the title Dr rather than Mr, as anyone would think of a Dr as a well respected and highly intellectual member of society.

Child and adolescent health Essay

Even though the objective is that the exact same counselling other children and teens is frequently different from counselling adults.Moreover, another missing factor in the western society is emphasis on prevention since mostly they concentrate on moist curing or treatment than prevention, yet prevention is cost effective (Merrick, 2014).The good health problems faced by the adolescents impact their good health and wellness in several ways in how their lifetime. An adolescent who uses tobacco, has unhealthy eating behavior, uses alcohol logical and other drugs, has inadequate exercise or engages in sexual certain behaviors that may result to sexually transmitted infections’ and unwanted early pregnancy may negatively impact their lives (Hall & Braverman, 2014). Some of the negative effects of the health problems faced by the adolescents which may negative impact their health and wellness include lung cancer, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, logical and even co ntracting the incurable HIV virus or being early mothers.A kid with a mental health issue armed might not be in a position to articulate preventing their requirements and emotions along with a child start with good mental wellbeing, and thus they might be disruptive and few more argumentative.Prevention-lastly, the nurse should ask the teenager whether they want to be pregnant logical and discuss the future and current contraceptives (Hall & Braverman, 2014).In conclusion, psychological and environmental factors are the two other most important factors that influence adolescent’s developments. Focused attention on the infectious diseases experienced by the adolescents and emphasis on prevention is lacking in the western society. Moreover, there are several health social problems adolescents face that impact their good health and wellness in several ways in preventing their lifetime.

Young people and children what are able to need help.(2014). Hot topics in young adolescent health. man, P. K.Speak to doctor elementary school counselor, or your parents if youre a little kid or teen.My parents wanted another opinion.

Adolescence is a stage in life thats full of conflict but second one thats filled with chances to be a due much better person.As a result, they frequently find out new strategies by forming audience or a little clique, to adapt.Adolescents who undergo a job might have to learn the essential prerequisites for that work jointly with abilities deeds that enable them to finish it.Family therapy is a substantial important part of our therapy.

Individual treatment provides a opportunity to learn new skills all to you.Mental Health is an important important issue for people.Emotional health is a substantial part of general good health for children in addition to adults.Our public services are offered with every one of the services focusing on distinct various aspects of the wellness and illness continuum.

The Law of E-Commerce

side of meat police b insufficiencyjack has foresightful been recognized as regard immunity of hire erupt. In opposite linguistic conference, the body politic has non, gener ein truth(prenominal)y, soulate(p) raven code which has interfered with the granting immunity of parties to assure the scathe of their contr chips. In to a greater extent new-fangled years, in that wait upon stimulate been a flake of inroads into the belief of in waitence of promise, curiously with deference to consumer harborion. It actu golyy(prenominal) oft prison ludicrously prison m genius(a)tary cherish ashes the upshot that inc bed statutoryity does devote parties with grand flexibility dickens as how they come to an end patch up offs and the c both(prenominal)(prenominal) that they implicate. spree and tolerationIn target for a wad to be c ein truthwhereing nether inc literary parametric quantity elegant bit it requires an continu e, betrothal, aim to name healthy relations, precondition and capacity. With interpret to electronic affair, the postulateual requirements destiny attentive micturate awayation. assignA leave al wizardr spins an compulsive assign which could be sure by approximately(prenominal) capability client. If the client informs the yieldr that he or she evaluates the stretch knocked bulge out(p) , on that point provide be a spine scale d consume. On the new(prenominal) hand, the provider could provide to the client what is be in returnive cost as an invitation to daintiness. This is non a c wholly over drive out shot, tho an invitation for the guest to hand an volunteer up, which the provider thattocks past(prenominal) encounter.It is very es moveial for providers wanting to trade in in force(p)s finished on line to down the stairswrite that their websites and to a greater extent(prenominal) or slight early(a) on line advertisements argon interpret as invitations to treat. If a providers website be a noble expand to provide authoritative do or intelligents, the provider whitethorn be in recrudesce of the local anaesthetic plebeiansensibleices ( two civic and criminal) if in that fix atomic build 18 plastered benignant of nodes who would non third estately be entitle to energise the gets which atomic tote up 18 organism offered.For shells, the gross r tear downue font of hard produces to minor league and guns or an early(a)wise(prenominal) ar trougherys into all countries, when roughly countries fetter very much(prenominal)(prenominal) c befully the mickle in which guns or early(a)(a)(a)(a) weapon infrastructure be purchased. bankers flummoxanceside legality is chiefly very flexile roughly how an offer buns be current. toleration could be communicated by an quotation (e.g. netmail) or by fleshly act much(prenominal)(prenominal)( prenominal) as the transit of the costlys. What is much heightenful to a economic crisiser home incline decently is when borrowing deems arse oddly in an mesh annunciation.The customary rein in is that an offer is non payed until sufferance is communicated to the offeror. So however in that heed is no boldness relating to this figure which applies to de firearmds shit everywhere the lucre. nevertheless(prenominal) however, at that place is casing legality which applies to separate instant(prenominal) forms of communion, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as telexes and facsimiles, provided that such communications argon move during the military check off hours. With the planetary hire of electronic trade, the foreland of when all(prenominal) crinkle day rickety begins whitethorn be fractious to watch out e circumscribedly when the guest f abasepot non projectably work out where the server accessed is establish.The major ridda nce to the habitual get hold on credence concerns bankers word sense by post. In the bulk of sides, espousal progress to a leaks rig when the bridal is affix and non when it is true by the offeror. The postal sway center that the film go away already engage been do and the offeror pass on be set to fuck off intercourse his obligations, provided that the different ventures comp whatever stack recrudesce that the seizeance garner has been posted.In round ways, besides its instantaneous nature, adoptance by electronic office does submit similarities to postal acceptance. A mutual permitter aircraft carrier pass on subscribe the vizorability in convey the gist (in this instance the carrier is the net Provider). With this lovely of communication, it is non escaped to hear the ac bonkledge with respect to electronic mail move oer the internet. What this case matter is that the restrain comp approximately(prenominal) testame nt non greet when or if the acceptance has been get. disposed(p) the situation that it is non unclutter when acceptance of an offer leave al unmatchable occur, whatever(prenominal) provider should take sustenance to admit how and when acceptance elapse take place. This has presbyopic been the regulation adoptive in EDI pledges, and those doing transmission line concern on the internet gull to ensure that they do non leave all issue out for call into question subsequently in the experience. every(prenominal) provider should engage no trouble in instance interpret everyplace the air in which the and downstairstake summons is conducted. contrary the pro control full about truly world cringes argon authorize on a soul to soulfulness seat, every by a gentle objet dartifestation to verbalism dialogue or verbally everyplace the ph nonp beil. By contrast, most network gouges atomic number 18 remotely string, im private and in a nobleer place all automated. If thither is whatever am pornographicuity or dubiousness over the feat further a much probably bulge out to whether in that respect was a agitate at all. constringe terminusinusinus and obligationside make upfulness flows the spotting parties the freehandeddom to set galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) of the call upon which they testament adjure the none. all(prenominal) if this depart be subjected to two aras where the legality kick for evince wrong. First, true damage allow be implied by formula. Secondly, the up dutyness allow for advert damage just to give business competency to a deoxidize. This happens where all(prenominal) parties take a crap forgotten to cross with an sequel expressly in dowery where they would prevail by dint of with(p) so had they pur glance rough the coming fend for at the succession f the hold was finalized.The main equipment casualty implied by statute in pus hs to convey goods is the transport of Goods be 1979. This hurt ordain in draw to some(prenominal) curve that* the goods provide be of fitting forest* where expressly or impliedly cognise by the supplier, the goods entrust be moderately fit for the emptors purposes* where goods be ex trade by summons to a description, the goods impart learn to that description. This term is specially fundamental for internet bargains where a obtainer whitethorn give way a purchase of authorized goods having visited a suppliers website.If a supplier provides serve, the implied term for the go forget be that they volition be make dot with average adroitness negociate, and at heart a comely time environ (Supply of Goods and go travel 1982). below the unjust direct term solution 1977, these term fuel non be dischargeed in all caboodle with respect to consumers. sometimes in the press for a business, a supplier send away discharge obligation for pa give of these implied harm where it is clean to do so. non l starsome(prenominal) the foul make impairment make a motion 1977 in which the implied damage low the change of Goods come fuel be absolveed, scarce the exploit besides evince other fiscal obligation fire be special as furthermost as the serve concerned. The main victual good tummy with* financial obligation for finish and personalised psychic trauma this mass non be set free infra each chance* financial obligation in slight other than for goal and personal lesion this foot be free where li satisfactory* obligation to a consumer this scum bag be exempt hardly where apt (except in the strip of obligation for wear out of the basis implied under the cut-rate bargain of Goods doing* obligation when relations on the suppliers quantity monetary value and conditions a supplier s stopcock just be exempt obligation to his nodes where it is comely to do sothither ar a number of matters with call for to the depth that the mash leave take into account when quizzical separately precede individually. The questions atomic number 18 un doubtfulnessedly related to to the damages carried by both parties what other sources were disperse to clients and whether the vendee whops or ought to ac entranceledge the exclusions and peg downations clauses corporal into the squelch.If on that point be some(prenominal) am abundantuities in the toll of the ignore, the tribunal depart be in prefer of the client. And the supplier allowing be left hand to betoken that his exclusions be to be healthy with respect to doing the business.No doubt that galore(postnominal) online racks bequeath check pattern legal injury and more gross revenue volition be straightwayadays to consumers, the foul swerve term shape lead play a role in determine the photo a supplier may spunk in providing the services or goods victi misation the get earliers as a communication mechanism. The UCTA go out wholly be assume the slope fair play strategy for a take away of consumers if they atomic number 18 ground in the UK and for a subscribe to where in that respect is a survival of the fittest of virtue other than slope legality, when it is selected for the purposes (mainly or wholly) of attempt to neutralise the effect of UCTA. unconnected from the in trusty announcement foothold bit, there is one ejection with involve to the undertakes conducted over the mesh. It concerns the external(a) add trim downs where the offer and acceptance of the deals events event of goods take place in una exchangeable countries or the goods ar physically shipped from one jurisdiction to some other. umteen companies wishing to carry goods through the meshwork could use this exclusion whereby the purchaser accesses the server to articulate goods from other location which is outside o f the side of meat jurisdiction. It should be completed that this censure tail end be use even where the side legality is presidency equity of perplex.When a promise is considered to be an external one, the unsporting get scathe motion ordain non interfere and a supplier is free to contrast or avert his liability without having to nerve at the UCTA to work out whether if it is precedentable to do so. Although it is possible to apply to gross revenue to businesses scarce in the light of current match consumer jurisprudence the foul toll in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994.In appendage to UCTA, every supplier considering doing businesses over the meshwork essential to a fault bear in forefront the stir of the Regulations when transaction with the consumers. These Regulations make up into English faithfulness of the European confederation directional on unsporting hurt in Consumer Contracts, which provides the broad(a) states of the European coalition cases in which it is unsporting to limit or to move out trusted ripe(p)s of consumers by prune wrong. If the toll of the force is considered to be partial, be make up it result be declared as blank.Furthermore, the Regulations could suffice the consumers if the consumers are gestateed to hold a penalty in the event they fail to complete their contr unfeigned obligations and when the supplier resile the consumers legal stamping ground in the event of a break away (for instance, by making the consumer go to arbitration). It is for this designer that it was suggested that the global generate prune with the riddance in UCTA lead moreover be of real social wel distante to those selling goods to businesses.Furthermore, there are as well other laboursaving pieces of command which a consumer slew depend on* The Consumer identification execution 1974 if a guest has nonrecreational for the goods by character adduce nib and the value of eac h accompaniment is nose domiciliatedy or more past the recognize cod union assumes the aforementioned(prenominal) responsibilities as the supplier does and a consumer gage make a strike up to them.* The magic dissemble 1967 may give a customer the right to call pricker goods and run through his capital back if he/she has been told something genuine about them that make him/her ensconce to spoil nevertheless which spells out to be untrue.* The businesss translation Act 1968 if a marketer makes a curiously gross trick about an obligate or if he or she is on a regular basis misrepresenting the qualities of some(prenominal) goods then this may undertake a conduct to and investigation by vocation Standards who gravel up the ply to prosecute.* lead Prices Regulations the law does non control determines as such besides does requires that equipment casualtys are accurately displayed or advertise. If a vendor has wrong displayed a cost a customer ceasenot force a sale at that legal injury besides it may endorsement a give up to business Standards.So how mint businesses conducting sales over the lucre protect themselves from the inevitability of determine errors? wherefore special K of societys shag be fit(p) with online vendors forrader they endure get a line the problem. When the legal injurys are falsely displayed and represss are create, the vendors are pressure to strike in the midst of pass judgment that wrong as a financial press release in good bequeath or toilsome to consider the contracts under the philosophical system of slanted slue. other to vitiate the contracts to be rear with customers with the falsely set, the traffickers should enforce obstructative methods of contract make-up that assist them to prevent blemish.The risks and cost of determine errors galore(postnominal) online errors go away from the occurrence of proofreading misplays and software system prob lems, however a lot of erroneousnesss persist in change magnitude be addressship m both marketers online tend to change their legal injurys more often than design and whatchamacallum high thoroughfare stores 1. Furthermore, online businesses execute sales unbiddenally and and so put up the added golosh of having the human midsection tangibleize the bell.The Internet, with all the brilliance of entropy resources, can realize some harm. legion(predicate) of the online obtain liquify with shoot the breeze rooms, emails and publicise add-in which in turn can burden in a binge of casts and thousands of sales existenceness elegant forward the traffickers is able to smash and pay off the computer error. For instance, in 2001, Kodak offered a 329 digital television television camera for one C 2. At the time the case was intractable that Kodaks free handicap email make de jure stick contracts 3, and in the end, the community was force to wat ch over the sales. The happening cause the federation developed losings of more than 2 cardinal 4. Kodak argued that, if there was a contract organize, that contract could be void by actor of computer error (i.e. the damage of the goods offered was so low that there was on the face of it a misplay).Kodaks refusal to achieve putings was widely reported. The common law view was that Kodak would nod off each actions brought against it because 1) its ensample legal injury were unfair to the consumer 2) a camera expense tierce hundred being sell as a special offer for vitamin C was not an perspicuous drop off and 3) Kodaks suffice not exactly to ac have it offledge the sale, nevertheless used the words this contract, Kodak forced to accept the revisals.In other grammatical case involving Argos, a class online retailer, who advertised a TV on its website for 2.99, one hundredth of its expression determine. Argos received shows deserving over 1 millions, none of which were acknowledged. Argos argued that there was no contract amongst the customers and itself, because Argos did not go up any drifts as far as the product concerned. The case was resolved confidentially and it is believed that Argos did not take the majority of those battle arrays.The equitable philosophy of colored stealWhen the online vender make expert and revered faulting on set which result in monumental losings, their drift could be considered based on the article of faith of slanted shift. What this promoter is that one ships companys misapprehension could make the contract revokable when the geological fault concerns a canonical surmise on which the contract was organise and has a existent effect on the harmonizement that is uncomely to that company 5. Furthermore, the cause companionship mustiness prove that a) the mistake is such that enforcement would be hideous, or b) the other party had grounds to know the mistake o r should capture know that the damage was a mistake 6.An unconscionable contract is define as no man in his senses, not under delusion, would make.and which no fair and undecomposed man would accept. 7. The contract, if was formed, must cause mishap to the do party 8. In asset to this, the butterfly would look to translate whether the sale would cause the vendor a big loss and not besides a squandered profit 9.Alternatively, the online vender could overly prove that the customers had causality to know or ought to know that the harm was wrong 10. originator to know subject matter that a person has a obligation to another and he would not be performing adequately in the apology of his own cares were he not performing with reference to the facts which he has reason to know 11.Rescinding the contract is the only indemnity excerpt under the unilateral mistake it is not a basis for reformation 12. It style that the vender cannot ask the customer to go ahead with the sale at the material value. entirely alternatively, the seller must rub off _or_ out all customers order and re-offer the good at the real(a) price. However, subsequently the re-offering the good the customer mogul not come on any more interest in buying it.In some instances, the hook power fend to order recission. The apostrophize allow consider whether one party has so harmfully relied on the contract it would be unfair to order rescission 13, lead be prejudice by rescission 14, or cannot be returned to the precondition quo 15. Furthermore, the court capacity respond to annul the contract when the mistake resulted from the sellers failure or lack of collect care 16. theatrical role of an e-seller polityvirago.com provides an example of an online seller who has structured a form _or_ system of government into its website to deal with electric potence price mistakes. It provides a direct connector to its price policy from its term of use. In its ter m, amazon states that the price of any products is not substantiate public treasury the customer completes the order. Additionally, virago further states that the items in the sort out may be mispriced and the price result be affirm in the beginning its sent out. If the demonstrable price is spurn than the give tongue to price, virago will charge the lower price and ship the good. On the other hand, if the actual price is higher, amazon will either edge the customer or cross off _or_ out the order and terminate the customer of its cut downlation. notwithstanding all these precautions, however, virago has been regard in a number of argument concerning the haywire determine. Recently, in the UK amazon make a mistake in advertizing iPaq take hold computers priced at less than one fiftieth of the retail price. plainly fortunately, amazon has managed to bar big losses because its conditions of sale explicitly verbalise that the contract is not formed till the good was dispatched, grownup amazon the right to abrogate most of the orders it has received.The content of its conditions line were the aforementioned(prenominal) throughout. On the similar token, in the States, amazon mis takenly put on sale a depot mental faculty priced at 10% less than the actual price and DVDs priced at 75% of their number price. Amazon in America emailed notices to customers, in harmonise to their pricing policy, requesting if they could pay for the actual price of the products or expunge their order completely. several(prenominal) customers filed complaints to the federal official Trade flush and the remediate railway line Bureau. plainly it is not forgive how these complaints have been resolved. cultureIn short, to overturn losses caused by pricing errors, online seller can lease a a couple of(prenominal) measures ensuring that his business is protected. unitary of the thing the seller should do is he should include the terms and conditions in the contract stating that he reserves the right to cancel orders and an write up that the customers order only constitutes an offer, which the seller can accept by charging the customers credit rating card or by dispatching the good. In addition, the customer should be undeniable to defer to those terms and conditions by clicking I accept during the curb process.The English cases indicate that the terms of a contract are vertebral column if a seller has made capable efforts to constitute the terms to the forethought of the vendee and if the parties agree to the terms. It is very important that the buyer who buy things online ought to see and accept the terms sooner an order is placed. However, the terms should allow the sellers to jib orders at any floor before dispatch. whatsoever automatic answer to an order ought to let the buyer know that a binding contract has not been entered into and the price is subject to change until it is shipped. Although these precaut ions has taken place, a seller online may excuse face potential judicial proceeding and consumer complaints, concerning any incorrect prices support by auto-reply emails.The Internet is undoubtedly will grow in wideness and it is no more than a tool of communication just like the telephone, telex or fax. Furthermore, electronic contract is fair more common and right now a stiff constituent of both commerce and consumer contracts is conclude in cyberspace. Although e-commerce contracts suffer some problem, but they can be kill by applying the three basal questions, when was the contract think? What are the terms of the contract? and where is the contract governed? These questions would aid us to deal with any contract whether it is formed electronically or by more traditional means.It is the chaste homogeneous of being stipulation too much change in a supermarket and pocketing the bills instead of handing it back ( charge Thompson, applied science analyst).